ÿWPC/  © yŞàŞVJ [zè´Ïyıbzv£åà–İM$knŠ×A=U0Ëòë¹Ê4ÊTÀ[B¢iÜ ={ĞŒ°c$‘èmHˆ`Ã…+{xGlä¶’%°©G”B=±ér"«éÑe^ ¸ºg DŠ–¦H66%€–Ád2HÖù<Ê»†ËŠúÑ-¸™GÊ0ƒŒkOßšäg·¾úìkÖ~A|*:­µ]˲ͱà©Põqç6D³²™[„£§Ày#oy¼†£KùrùÏHg{sLV:[%ÃxBJë 8 ¶PŞã-°AÅ!Vueê?[°‘p›û’›n¿«±bešöÖZ+Pj¨ö›£q¯"£²Ñ%g:l*“¡| ‡l5G % œ‰ËŠzj›úØu$Lb(ÆSóeãùFíÚiA©'‹@%ÂH'F~¾náúLuÿ夯¯ÀjrNƒ^/•d‹kñº@xõcrÖ¶ÆóédŒ¶µ&I^8Ô€ ³aÀŸ}xŒà’±0ŠML"Fœ&«£Xut\‹Æ½„s ®áÛpˆ#Áp U&N1 % 0Y… U>Ş ^  w( 4, @ O mQ fh aj ~ f† aˆ fœ a f² a´ fÈ aÊ Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê BŞ Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş 0Œ4û ˜Lexmark Z11 Series ColorFinePX,,,,PX0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(1³µ$¡¡Ô€ôTòXXÔÔUSUS.,Ôô\  `‹&Times New RomanÀ¨t*L ¹q*  €Ÿ3|x#ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ´éTABLE A DLTABLE B¬ZTABLE CôÙTABLE D,üTABLE E d&c$"ğ"ğà0 àİ ƒ³µ!İÔ€ô ¬òXXÔÔUSUS.,Ôİ  İÔ_ÔÒ` °Òò òÔ€ ^Íòô ¬ÔÓ  ÓÑ8€ ¬ôòdÄdÈ8ÑPROPERTY€IIĞ ° ĞProfessor€Mooreó óĞ ê: ĞÌÔ€XáHX ^ÍÔò òÔ‡¼¬d»XXáHÔPART€IV.€NON„POSSESSORY€INTERESTS€(SERVITUDES)ó óĞ ^® Ğò òA.€EASEMENTSÔ#†XáHX»¼¬d:#Ôó óĞ r  ĞÌÓ  ÓÓ  Óò òChapter€19.€Express€Easements:€Classification€and€Manner€of€CreationÔ€ô ¬òXXáHÔĞ r  ĞÌÓöÓ1.€Introductionó óĞ  p Ğò òA.€à0  àThe€Concept€of€Servitudes€„€Non„possessory€rights€to€the€service€of€another.ó óĞâ 2 xx Ğà0  àE.g.€Ğ¤ô xx Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡ceİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İRestrictive€Covenant/Equitable€Servitude€„€Use€of€Property€restricted€by€agreement;݃‡ceŒİŒĞh¸ ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cPİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İAffirmative€Covenant€„€Agreement€to€maintain€common€areas݃‡cPwİŒĞ,| ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c!İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İUsually€runs€with€the€land€„€if€yes€then€the€creator€and€successor€must€comply€withĞ ğ@  Ğhe€owns€the€land.€Successor€must€comply€even€though€he€did€not€consent€initially.€İƒ‡c!H݌д ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡csİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İEvidenced€by€written€agreement݃‡csšİŒĞxÈ ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c)İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İGoverned€by€property€law€„€not€contract€law݃‡c)PİŒĞ<Œ` x` x ĞŒİ  İà  àÌò òB.€à0  àLicenses€„€the€right€to€enter,€use€and€enjoy€the€land€possessed€by€another€as€permittedĞ Ä Ğby€the€possessor.€W/o€permission€it€is€unlawful.ó óІÖxx Ğà  àà ` àCharacteristics€of€a€license:Ğ H˜ Ğà  à1.€à0 ` àUnassignable€(see€exception€below)Ğ \` x` x Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àRevocable€at€will€of€the€licensorĞĞ ` x` x Ğà  à3.€à0 ` àNot€an€interest€in€landĞ”ä` x` x Ğà  à4.€à0 ` àCan€only€be€used€for€a€given€purpose€and€cannot€be€expandedĞX¨` x` x Ğà  à5.€à0 ` àLicensor€has€no€cause€of€action€against€third€parties€who€interfereĞl` x` x Ğà  à6.€à0 ` àCan€never€by€a€prescriptive€rightĞà0` x` x ĞÌà  àò òCreation€of€a€license:ó óĞ h¸ Ğà  à1.€à0 ` àNo€writing€requiredĞ*z` x` x Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àLicensorğğs€permission€is€only€required€elementĞî>` x` x Ğà  à3.€à0 ` àCan€be€implied€by€conduct€of€parties;€e.g.€Foleys,€going€to€ballgameв` x` x ĞÌà  àò òApproaches€to€assignment:ó óĞ : Š! Ğà  à1.€à0 ` àMajority€„€if€assignment€attempted,€then€itğğs€rejectedĞü L"` x` x Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àMinority€„€if€assignment€attempted,€license€is€lostĞÀ!#` x` x Ğà  àà ` àPolicy€„€personal€therefore€non„assignableĞ „"Ô$ ĞÌà  àò òRevocation:ó óĞ  $\& Ğà  à1.€à0 ` àAt€willĞÎ$ '` x` x Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àNo€need€for€noticeĞ’%â (` x` x Ğà  à3.€à0 ` àAt€will€even€if€consideration€was€paidĞV&¦!)` x` x Ğà  à4.€à0 ` àAt€will€even€if€had€a€K€„€seek€K€damages€not€strict€performanceĞ'j"*` x` x Ğà  à5.€à0 ` àLicense€and€K€then€you€have€reasonable€time€to€remove€property;ĞŞ'.#+` x` x Ğà  à6.€à0 ` àCan€become€irrevocable:Ğ¢(ò#,` x` x Ğà  àà ` àA.€à0 ¸ àIf€license€is€coupled€w/€personal€property€related€with€the€real€property€Ğ f)¶$- Ğe.g.€car€dealership€can€move€inventoryĞ**z%.¸ x¸ x Ğà  àà ` àĞ  î*>&/ Ğà  àà ` àB.€à0 ¸ àIf€licensee€expends€money,€labor€or€time€in€reliance€upon€the€licenseа¸ x¸ x Ğà0  àà0` xxàà0¸ ` x` xàà0¸ x¸ xà1.€Money€must€be€substantial€and€spent€w/€licensorğğs€knowledge.Ğ tÄ Ğ(in€TX€must€be€spent€to€benefit€the€licensor,€as€well)Ğ8ˆxx Ğà0  àà0` xxàà0¸ ` x` xàà0¸ x¸ xà2.€Reliance€reasonable€e.g.€actual€or€constructive€knowledge€of€Ğ üL Ğlicensorà h àĞÀxx Ğà0  àà0` xxàà0¸ ` x` xàà0¸ x¸ xàEquitable€estoppel€„€caused€licensee€to€change€position€inĞ „Ô Ğreliance,€then€licensor€estopped€from€denying.ĞH ˜xx ĞÌà  àò òIrrevocableó 󀄀doesnğğt€mean€perpetually;€means€more€than€no€notice;€court€can€still€oustĞ Ğ  ĞÌà  àò òApproaches€to€Irrevocable€Licensesó óĞ Z ª  Ğà  à1.€à0 ` àMajority€„€No€irrevocable€license€b/c€inconsistent€right.€Canğğt€rely€on€the€mostĞ  l  Ğtenuous€property€interest€in€existence.Ğà 0 ` x` x Ğà  àà ` àPolicy:€(1)€Society€favors€alienation;€(2)€and€favors€free€use€and€enjoymentĞ ¤ô  Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àMinority€(Mooreğğs€position)€„€for€a€short€period€of€time,€itğğs€reasonableĞh¸ ` x` x ĞÌà  àò òTermination:ó óĞ ğ@  Ğà  à1.€à0 ` àLicensor€sells€or€transfers€property,€license€terminatedв ` x` x Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àLicensor/ee€diesĞvÆ ` x` x Ğà  à3.€à0 ` àLicensee€surrenders€or€abandonsĞ:Š` x` x Ğà  à4.€à0 ` àPurpose€for€which€the€license€granted€originally€is€accomplished€or€impracticableĞşN` x` x Ğà  à5.€à0 ` àSeasonal€use€„€good€for€one€season€onlyĞÂ` x` x ĞÌò òC.€à0  àProfitó 󀄀right€to€remove€from€someoneğğs€land;€e.g.€timber,€oil,€minerals;€can€last€indefinitely;Ğ Jš Ğtransferrable€w/€benefitted€land;€inheritable€(Moore:€water€and€fish€difficult€to€characterizeĞ ` Ğb/c€notion€of€who€has€the€right€to€capture€nature)ĞÔ$xx ĞÌà  àò òCharacteristics€of€some€natural€resources:Ğ \¬ Ğà  àó ó1.€à0 ` àFructus€naturales€„€(Profit)€relatively€permanent€w/o€human€assistance;€amounts€toĞ n Ğreal€property;€grass,€trees,€minerals,€oilĞâ2` x` x Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àFructus€industriales€„€(not€Profit€„€right€to€remove€governed€by€K€law;€more€akin€toĞ ¦ö Ğa€license)crops;€human€assistanceĞjº` x` x ĞÌò òà0  àProfit€a€prendre:ó ó€the€right€to€take€from€the€land€something€that€is€a€product€of€the€soil€andĞ òB! Ğis€freely€assignable€even€when€that€right€is€in€gross.и"xx ĞÌò òD.€à0  àEasementsó 󀄀Interest€in€land€in€possession€of€anotherĞ@ $xx ĞÌò òà0  àAffirmative€easement€ó ó„€right€to€do€something€on€someone€elseğğs€property;€could€not€do€butĞ Ê!& Ğfor€the€easement;€e.g.€A€has€an€easement€to€use€the€road€across€the€property€owned€by€B;€AĞ "à' Ğhas€an€affirmative€easementĞT#¤(xx Ğò òà0  àNegative€easementó 󀄀holder€can€prevent€the€servient/burdened€landowner€from€doingĞ $h) Ğsomething€on€his€or€her€own€land€e.g.€blocking€the€sun,€wind€from€adjacent€property.€OwnerĞ Ş$. * Ğof€a€negative€easement€has€no€right€to€do€anything€on€the€property€of€the€servient€land;Ğ ¢%ò + Ğtreated€as€a€covenant€(i.e.€sue€for€K€damages)Ğf&¶!,xx Ğà  àò òServient€estate€holder€ó ó„€has€no€affirmative€responsibilities€except€for€not€interferingĞ *'z"- ĞÌò òà0  àAppurtenancyó 󀄀Easements€that€attach€to€and€benefit€a€particular€parcel€of€land€i.e.€theĞ ´($/ Ğdominant€estate;€runs€w/€the€landĞz)Ê$0xx Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c1"İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İS/b€expressed€in€drafting€document݃‡c1"X"İŒĞ>*%1` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cë"İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İIf€not€expressed,€courts€presume€unless€there€is€strong€contrary€evidence݃‡cë"#İŒĞ+R&2` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cÌ#İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İPolicy€for€presumption:݃‡cÌ#ó#İŒĞÆ+'3` x` x ĞŒİ  İà  àà ` à1.€à0 ¸ àSince€most€easements€are€appurtenant,€the€presumption€is€that€one€wasĞ Š,Ú'4 Ğintended;а¸ x¸ x Ğà  àà ` à2.€à0 ¸ àSince€it€passes€automatically€w/€a€transfer€of€the€dominant€estate,€then€itĞ tÄ Ğtends€to€protect€the€(new)€grantee€of€that€estate€from€the€consequences€ofĞ 8ˆ Ğan€inadvertent€omission;ĞüL¸ x¸ x Ğà  àà ` à3.€à0 ¸ àAny€detriment€to€the€servient€estate€is€usually€offset€by€the€benefit€to€theĞ À Ğdominant€estate€(Advantages€of€reciprocity)ЄԸ x¸ x Ğò òà0  àIn€Grossó 󀄀Do€not€attach€to€and€benefit€a€particular€parcel€of€land.€May€be€personal€to€theĞ H ˜ Ğeasement€owner;€not€recognized€by€English€law€b/c€thereğğs€no€benefit€to€the€dominant€estate.Ğ ^xx ĞÌà  àò òCreation€of€Express€EasementsĞ – æ  Ğà  àó ó1.€à0 ` àBy€operation€of€lawĞX ¨ ` x` x Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àBy€specific€grant€„€in€writing,€signed€by€the€grantor€of€the€easementĞ l ` x` x Ğà  à3.€à0 ` àBy€reservation€„€in€writing,€signed€by€the€grantor€of€the€property€who€has€reservedĞ à 0  Ğthe€easementФô ` x` x ĞÌÔ*’ƒ Z ddd Xdd Xdd X°x°x’ÔÔ,˜dd ÔÔ,˜dd ÔÔ,˜dd ÔÔ+  ÔĞ ,| ,|  Ğò òLicenseó óĞ  à  Ğò òProfitó óĞ  à  Ğò òEasementó óĞ  à  ĞNot€a€natural€incident€ofĞ æ6  ĞownershipĞ  ªú  ĞNot€a€natural€incident€ofĞ æ6  ĞownershipĞ  ªú  ĞNot€a€natural€incident€ofĞ æ6  ĞownershipĞ  ªú  ĞRight€to€use€and€enjoyĞ  R ĞRight€to€removeĞ  R ĞRight€to€use€and€enjoyĞ  R ĞSubject€to€will€of€theĞ Zª Ğpossessor€(unless€irrevocableĞ n Ğby€intent€or€specified€use)Ğ  â2 ĞNot€subject€to€will€of€theĞ Zª ĞpossessorĞ  n  ĞNot€subject€to€will€of€theĞ Zª! ĞpossessorĞ  n" ĞCan€be€in€writing,€oral,€orĞ :Š# Ğconduct€of€the€partiesĞ  şN$ ĞĞ  :Š% ĞMust€be€in€writingĞ  :Š& ĞCan€be€given€to€many€partiesĞ  V¦' ĞĞ  V¦( ĞProtected€against€third€partiesĞ  V¦) ĞCannot€be€transferred€orĞ ®ş* Ğconveyed€w/o€consent€ofĞ rÂ+ ĞlicensorĞ  6†, ĞĞ  ®ş- ĞConveyable,€assignableĞ ®ş.  ĞÌò ò2.€Principal€Problemó óĞ î>/ ĞÌAl€sells€parcel€A€of€his€property€to€Barbara.€He€attempts€to€reserve€a€roadway€through€B.€He€hasĞ t Ä1 Ğaccess€to€another€unpaved€road€but€customarily€uses€the€paved€road.€The€grant€says€ğ ğA,€grantor,Ğ 8!ˆ2 Ğhereby€conveys€Parcel€A€to€Barbara,€grantee,€reserving€and€excepting,€however,€the€road€thatĞ ü!L3 Ğintersects€Parcel€A€and€links€Parcel€B€to€the€highway€bordering€Parcel€A.€Furthermore,€grantee€mayĞ À"4 Ğerect€fences€bordering€roadway€but€must€refrain€from€erecting€gates€that€will€impede€access€to€theĞ „#Ô5 Ğabovementioned€paved€private€road.ğğ€The€original€purchase€price€was€$400,000€but€Al€agreed€to€sellĞ H$˜6 Ğit€for€$390,000€w/€the€reservation.€€Ğ  %\ 7 ĞÌò ò3.€Materials€for€Solution€of€Principal€Problemó óĞ ”&ä!9 ĞÌò òòòNorthwest€Realty€v.€Jacobsóóó óĞ (j#; Ğò òFacts:ó ó€An€irrigation€company€received€quitclaim€deeds€from€several€property€owners€to€build€a€canalĞ Ü(,$< Ğto€serve€those€property€owners.€Each€land€owner€received€shares€of€stock€in€the€company.€PhillipsĞ ¢)ò$= Ğsucceeded€the€original€stockholder€and€assigned€his€shares€to€Jacobs.€€NW€Realty€also€received€aĞ f*¶%> Ğquitclaim€deed€to€the€adjacent€property.€Both€parties€believe€they€have€fee€simple€absolute€in€anĞ *+z&? Ğirrigation€ditch€that€runs€through€several€pieces€of€property.€(Both€parties€believed€they€had€fsa€b/cĞ î+>'@ Ğthe€conveyances€were€quitclaim€deeds€which€convey€only€the€interests€the€grantorğğs€have€at€the€time€„Ğ ° Ğfee€simple€to€nothing.Ğ tÄ Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Did€the€original€grant€convey€fee€simple€to€the€irrigation€company€or€an€easement?Ğ 8ˆ Ğò òLanguage€at€issue:ó ó€ğ ğ...€Smith€...€do€hereby€grant,€remise,€release€and€quit„claim€...€all€his€estate,€right,Ğ şN Ğtitle,€interest,€claim,€property€and€demand€of€in€and€to€the€following€real€property€...€(an€impreciseĞ Ä Ğdescription)...€to€be€used€as€a€right€of€way€for€an€irrigation€ditch.€...€for€the€purpose€of€irrigating€all€theĞ ˆØ Ğland€...ğğĞ L œ Ğò òAnalysis:ó ó€The€conveyance€seems€to€convey€fee€simple€and€an€easement.€Where€ambiguous€ascertainĞ  ` Ğthe€intent€of€the€parties:Ğ Ö & Ğ1.€à0  àStay€w/in€the€document€and€give€fair€consideration€to€every€partĞš ê xx Ğà  àa.€Construe€in€favor€of€the€grantee€Ğ ^ ®  Ğà  àb.€Give€effect€to€allĞ " r  Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cø9İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İIs€the€description€of€the€grant€specific€or€general.€Fees€must€be€exact;€easements€canĞ æ 6  Ğbe€general݃‡cø9:݌Ъú ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c;İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İğ ğRight€of€wayğğ€usually€indicates€an€easement€is€conveyed€or€reserved݃‡c;,;İŒĞn¾ ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cç;İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İFavor€handwritten€additions€over€form݃‡cç;<İŒĞ2‚ ` x` x ĞŒİ  İà  àc.€Presume€fee€unless€contrary€intent€Ğ öF  Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cë<İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İPublic€policy€against€fs€in€strips€of€land݃‡cë<=݌к ` x` x ĞŒİ  İ2.€à0  àIf€still€ambiguous,€then€look€to€the€situation€and€circumstances€of€the€parties€at€the€time€ofĞ ~Î  Ğthe€creation€of€the€interest:ĞB’xx Ğà  àa.€The€amount€of€consideration€paidĞ V Ğà  àb.€The€particularity€of€the€description€of€the€propertyĞ Ê Ğà  àc.€The€extent€of€the€limitation€upon€the€use€of€the€propertyĞ Ş Ğà  àd.€The€type€of€interest€which€best€serves€the€manifested€purpose€of€the€partiesĞ R¢ Ğà  àe.€The€peculiarities€of€wording€used€in€the€conveyance€documentĞ f Ğà  àf.€To€whom€the€property€was€assessed€and€who€paid€the€taxes€on€the€propertyĞ Ú* Ğà  àg.€How€the€parties€to€the€conveyance€or€the€heirs€or€assigns,€have€treated€the€propertyĞ î ĞÌò òòòGreaves€v€McGeeóóĞ &v ĞFacts:€ó óYork€ò ò€ó óğáğ€Lamar€CountyĞ è8 Ğò òLanguage€at€issue:ó ó€ğ ğ...€for€$1.00€...€Lamar€County€shall€locate€and€maintain€a€public€highway€...Ğ ®ş Ğthrough€our€land,€we€do€hereby€release,€quitclaim€and€convey€to€the€county€for€the€use€and€purposeĞ tÄ Ğof€maintaining€a€public€highway,€all€or€our€right,€title,€interest€and€claim€in€and€to€the€following€stripĞ 8ˆ  Ğof€land€twenty€feet€wide€to€be€sued€for€the€purpose€of€constructing€a€road€through€the€described€realĞ üL! Ğestate:€A€right€of€way€for€public€road€twenty€feet€in€width€described€as€follows€(precise€description)Ğ À" Ğ...€is€intended€to€be€a€strip€through€any€land€that€said€road€is€now€located€on,€or€may€hereafter€beĞ „Ô# Ğlocated€on€by€Lamar€County€...€to€have€and€to€hold€forever€for€the€purpose€of€maintaining€andĞ H ˜$ Ğoperating€a€public€road€or€highway.ğğĞ  !\% Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Was€the€conveyance€to€the€county€fee€or€an€easement?Ğ Ğ! & Ğò òAnalysis:ó ó€Where€an€instrument€is€ambiguous,€ascertain€the€intent€of€the€parties:Ğ –"æ' Ğ1.€à0  àLook€at€the€entire€instrument;€give€meaning€to€every€clauseĞ\#¬(xx Ğà  àa.€ğ ğRight€of€wayğğ€„€limited€purpose€„€easementĞ  $p) Ğà  àb.€ğ ğStrip€of€landğğ€„€land€can€mean€both€fs€or€easementĞ ä$4 * Ğà0  àc.€Can€infer€that€road€was€partially€complete€and€left€completion€to€the€discretion€of€theĞ ¨%ø + Ğcounty€i.e.€they€could€finish€if€they€wanted€to.Ğl&¼!,xx Ğ2.€à0  àLook€at€the€circumstances€surrounding€existing€at€the€time€of€the€creation€of€the€writingĞ0'€"-xx Ğ3.€à0  àLook€at€the€subsequent€conduct€of€the€partiesĞô'D#.xx Ğò òPrecedent:€ó óòòSchneideróó:€ğ ğA€strip€of€land,€to€be€used€as€right€of€way€for€the€Cironelle€road€...ğğ€versusĞ ¸($/ Ğğ ğA€strip€of€land€50€feet€wide,€to€be€use€as€right€of€way€for€Cironelle€road€being€25€feet€on€each€sideĞ ~)Î$0 Ğof€the€...ğğ€òòRowellóó:€ğ ğ...€the€construction€of€a€railroad€on€the€strip€of€land€and€in€the€station€ground€hereinĞ B*’%1 Ğconveyed,€...€for€right€of€way€and€station€grounds€that€certain€tract€of€land€situated€...€described€asĞ +V&2 Ğfollows€...€the€station€grounds€and€right€of€way€herein€conveyed€and€the€tract€of€land€herein€describedĞ Ê+'3 Ğ...ğğ€Both€were€considered€grants€of€fee€simple.Ğ ,Ş'4 Ğò òDistinguish:ó ó€In€the€two€cited€cases€the€grant€was€followed€by€a€description€of€land€whereas€in€this€caseĞ ° Ğthe€grant€is€followed€by€a€description€of€ğ ğright€of€way.ğğĞ vÆ ĞÌò òòòHurst€(Plaintiffs€below)€v.€BakerĞ şN ĞóóFacts:€ó óLowks€had€94€acres;€they€conveyed€40€acres€Wm€Lowkes€ğáğ€heirs€in€laws,€Haynes€w/€sameĞ À Ğdescription€ğáğ€Burton€w/€different€description€(ğ ğreceive€an€open€roadway€in€common,€twenty€feetĞ †Ö Ğwide,€extending€westerly€across€the€land€formerly€owned€by€Lowks,€now€owned€by€Baker,€extendingĞ J š Ğto€the€county€road€known€as€Lowks€road.ğğ€ğáğ€HurstĞ  ^ ĞLowks€remaining€54€acres€ğáğ€Perry€Lowks€(conveyance€excepted€the€40€acres€and€the€road)€ğáğ€BakerĞ Ò " Ğ(description€excepted€the€roadway).Ğ – æ  ĞBoth€parties€believe€they€have€fs.€Ğ Z ª  Ğò òLanguage€at€issue:ó ó€ğ ğto€Wm€Lowks€his€heirs€and€assigns€forever€...€40€acres€...€also€a€road€20'€wideĞ  n  Ğ(description)...€the€said€J.W.€Lowks€is€to€keep€both€sides€of€said€road€fenced€and€no€gates€allowed.ğğĞ ä 4  Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Did€JW€Lowkes€intend€to€convey€fs€in€the€strip€of€roadway€or€an€easement?Ğ ¨ø  Ğò òTrial€court€decision:ó ó€Reservation€of€the€interest€to€erect€ğ ğfencing€and€gatesğğ€was€more€consistent€withĞ n¾  Ğan€easement€than€fs€plus€deed€purporting€to€pass€a€ğ ğroadwayğğ€is€usually€construed€as€an€easement.Ğ 4„  ĞLast,€found€it€unlikely€one€would€pass€fee€simple€in€a€strip€through€land.Ğ øH  Ğò òAppellate€analysis:ó ó€Construction€is€a€matter€of€law€(ğ ğde€novoğğ€review€i.e.€no€deference€to€the€trialĞ ¼  Ğcourtğğs€decision;€conduct€independent€review).€Ğ ‚Ò  Ğ1.€à0  àIntent€of€the€grantor€is€clear€in€the€instrument,€no€need€to€go€outside€the€4„corners.ĞF–xx Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c Ğthe€servient€estate€into€two€tracts.݃‡cOYvY݌в` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cyZİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İLikewise,€even€if€it€did,€parties€can€agree€to€such€a€division.݃‡cyZ ZİŒĞvÆ` x` x ĞŒİ  İÌò òNotes:Ğ şN! Ğ1.€The€importance€of€proper€drafting.ó ó€Clear€and€unambiguous€wording€will€be€given€effect€w/oĞ À" Ğfurther€interpretation.€Drafter€should€consider€policy€factors€when€creating€a€grant€b/c€whatğğs€clear€toĞ †Ö# Ğone€party€may€not€be€so€clear€to€another€party.Ğ J š$ Ğò ò2.€Fee€title€presumed.ó ó€Fee€title€is€presumed€to€have€been€conveyed€unless€the€grant€indicates€that€aĞ !^% Ğlesser€interest€was€supposed€to€be€conveyed.€Therefore€where€a€party€conveys€a€strip€of€landĞ Ô!$& Ğambiguously,€an€exception€is€presumed.€Contrarily,€policy€considerations€prohibit€the€conveyance€ofĞ ˜"è' Ğa€strip€of€land€in€fee.€Likewise,€it€is€presumed€that€a€grantor€conveys€the€largest€interest€possible.Ğ \#¬( Ğò ò3.€Grants€construed€in€favor€of€the€grantee.ó ó€€He€is€the€creator€of€the€document.Ğ  $p) Ğò ò7.€Reservations€and€exceptions.ó ó€Ğ æ$6 * Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c0_İğ"ğà0  àİ  İReservation:€retention€of€a€lesser€interest€i.e.€a€life€estate,€leasehold,€license,€etc.݃‡c0_K_݌Ь%ü +xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c`İğ"ğà0  àİ  İException:€retention€of€a€previously€existing€right݃‡c`/`İŒĞp&À!,xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cÓ`İğ"ğà0  àİ  İRecognition€of€easement€by€exception:€Sale€of€property€to€a€third€party€w/€a€recognition€ofĞ 4'„"- Ğa€pre„existing€easement.݃‡cÓ`î`İŒĞø'H#.xx ĞŒİ  İò ò8.€Stranger€to€the€deed.ó ó€Ğ ¼( $/ Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cbİğ"ğà0  àİ  İPro:€Third€party€cannot€be€given€an€exception€or€reservation.€İƒ‡cb6b݌Ђ)Ò$0xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cåbİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İPolicy:€Protects€the€bona€fide€purchaser,€avoids€conflicts€of€ownership€and€itğğsĞ F*–%1 Ğpredictable.݃‡cåb c݌Р+Z&2` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cñcİğ"ğà0  àİ  İCon:€Frustrates€the€intent€of€the€grantor.݃‡cñc dİŒĞÎ+'3xx ĞŒİ  İò ò9.€Uniform€Simplification€of€Land€Transfers€Act.ó ó€An€exception€or€reservation€in€real€estate€mayĞ ° Ğbe€made€in€favor€of€a€person€not€a€party€to€the€conveyance€or€who€has€no€other€interest€in€real€estate.Ğ vÆ ĞÌÌÓ  ÓÔ€XáHXòô ¬Ôò òĞ   ĞChapter€20.€Express€Easements:€Interpretation€and€Extentó óÔ€ô ¬òXXáHÔĞ ° ĞÓ  ÓÌò ò1.€Introductionó óĞ `° ĞDetermined€there€was€an€easement,€next€concern€is€its€scope€and€the€rights€and€obligations€of€both€theĞ "r Ğeasement€holder€and€the€owner€of€the€servient€estate.€Ğ æ6 Ğ1.€Clear€and€unambiguous.€Once€the€length,€width,€location€is€fixed,€the€court€has€no€authority€toĞ ªú Ğoutside€the€four€corners.€Ğ n ¾ Ğ2.€Unclear.€What€are€the€intentions€of€the€parties€and€their€reasonable€expectations.€Ğ 2 ‚ Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c_hİğ"ğà0  àİ  İReasonable€expectations:€Unless€there€is€contrary€language,€the€beneficiary€of€an€easementĞ ö F Ğor€profit€is€entitled€to€make€any€use€of€the€servient€estate€that€is€reasonably€necessary€for€theĞ º   Ğconvenient€enjoyment€of€the€servitude€for€its€intended€purpose.݃‡c_hzhİŒĞ~ Î xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cjİğ"ğà0  àİ  İIntent:€Consider€the€language€used€by€the€parties€in€light€of€the€surrounding€circumstances.݃‡cj*jİŒĞB ’ xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c÷jİğ"ğà0  àİ  İIntent€as€to€scope:݃‡c÷jkİŒĞV xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c–kİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İWhether€the€easement€is€granted€or€reserved.€Reservations€are€interpreted€moreĞ Ê  Ğrestrictively€since€ambiguities€are€generally€construed€against€the€grantor.݃‡c–k½kİŒĞŞ ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cİlİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İAmount€of€consideration.€Substantial€consideration€suggests€an€easement.€If€itĞ R¢  Ğapproximates€what€would€be€paid€for€a€fee,€it€is€a€factor€in€favor€of€a€fee.݃‡cİlmİŒĞf ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c$nİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İPrior€use€of€the€land€may€suggest€that€a€continuation€was€contemplated.݃‡c$nKnİŒĞÚ* ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡coİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İPurpose€for€the€conveyance.€e.g.€road,€pipeline݃‡co*oİŒĞî ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cÊoİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İSubsequent€conduct€of€the€parties.݃‡cÊoñoİŒĞb²` x` x ĞŒİ  İÌò òğ ğRight€of€way€over...ğğó ó€If€the€instrument€fails€to€fix€the€length,€width,€and€location€of€the€easement,Ğ ê: Ğbut€merely€establishes€a€ğ ğright€of€way€over...ğğ,€then€the€easement€is€generally€construed€to€extend€overĞ ° Ğonly€so€much€of€that€area€as€is€reasonably€necessary€to€effect€the€purpose€of€the€easement.€TheĞ tÄ Ğeasement€does€not€necessarily€encompass€the€entire€area€mentioned€in€the€instrument.€No€limitation.€Ğ 8ˆ Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c|rİğ"ğà0  àİ  İFor€example,€if€the€grant€is€not€specify€the€òòscope€of€the€easementóó€(e.g.€can€it€be€used€toĞ üL Ğaccess€a€boat€ramp),€then€the€court€must€determine€what€is€a€reasonable€and€convenient€useĞ À Ğof€the€easement.€Burden€is€on€the€party€saying€the€easement€is€unreasonable.݃‡c|r—r݌ЄÔxx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c8tİğ"ğà0  àİ  İIf€the€location€of€the€easement€is€expressly€or€impliedly€(by€acquiescence€through€conductĞ H˜ Ğover€time)€specified,€(majority€rule)€then€it€cannot€be€moved€w/o€consent€of€the€parties.Ğ  \ Ğ(Minority€rule)€Servient€estate€is€permitted€to€relocate€an€easement,€provided€that€theĞ Ğ  Ğrelocated€easement€affords€the€dominant€estate€benefits€that€are€substantially€similar€to€thoseĞ ”ä Ğthat€the€dominant€estate€enjoyed€under€the€original€easement.݃‡c8tStİŒĞX¨ xx ĞŒİ  İÌò òIncrease€in€use.ó ó€Absent€express€language€to€the€contrary,€the€parties€are€assumed€to€haveĞ à0" Ğcontemplated€a€normal€increase€in€the€intensity€of€use€of€the€easement€over€the€years.€The€change€mustĞ ¦ö# Ğbe€in€intensity€not€kind.Ğ j º$ Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cÜwİğ"ğà0  àİ  İFor€example,€X€allows€Y€to€construct€and€maintain€a€sewer€line€under€the€property€of€X€inĞ .!~% Ğexchange€for€which€X€is€able€to€use€the€line€for€the€benefit€of€Xğğs€property.€Y€partitions€hisĞ ò!B& Ğland€and€intends€to€use€the€sewer€line.€Y€objects.€The€partition€and€subsequent€use€was€aĞ ¶"' Ğòònormal€and€foreseeable€changeóó€in€the€use€of€the€property.€Cannot€be€an€unreasonableĞ z#Ê( Ğadditional€burden€on€the€servient€estate.݃‡cÜw÷wİŒĞ>$)xx ĞŒİ  İÌò òExtended€use.ó ó€Owner€of€an€appurtenant€easement€cannot€use€the€easement,€nor€permit€its€use,€for€theĞ Æ%!+ Ğservice€of€land€which€was€not€part€of€the€dominant€estate€originally.€Itğğs€a€òòtrespassóó.Ğ Œ&Ü!, ĞÌò òMaintenance€and€repair.ó ó€Absent€an€express€provision€to€the€contrary,€the€easement€owner€is€assumedĞ (d#. Ğto€have€a€duty€to€make€those€repairs€and€improvements€necessary€and€to€so€as€not€to€interfere€with€theĞ Ú(*$/ Ğservient€ownerğğs€use€and€enjoyment€of€his€property.€€Servient€estate€holderğğs€duty€is€to€not€interfereĞ )î$0 Ğw/€the€dominant€estate.Ğ b*²%1 ĞÌĞ ê+:'3 Ğò òNo€right€to€exclusive€possession.ó ó€€Servient€estate€holder€may€grant€easement€to€third€parties.€(HowĞ ° Ğdoes€this€differ€from€the€stranger€to€the€deed€concept?€Stranger€to€the€deed€has€to€do€w/€a€conveyanceĞ vÆ Ğas€opposed€to€concurrent€grants€of€easements.)Ğ :Š ĞÌò ò2.€Principal€Problemó óĞ Â ĞA€owns€land€that€she€divides€into€2€lots,€north€and€south.€You€have€to€cross€the€southern€lot€to€reachĞ „Ô Ğthe€northern€lot.€She€sells€the€southern€lot€to€a€rancher,€Joe.€Ğ H ˜ Ğò òLanguage€of€the€grant:ó óĞ  \ Ğà8  àGrantor,€A,€hereby€reserves€to€grantor€a€right€of€way€over€lot€1€(south).€GrantorĞ Î  Ğshall€have€and€maintain€an€easement€of€ingress€and€egress€appurtenant€to€lot€2€byĞ ’ â  Ğwhich€owner€of€lot€2,€grantor,€may€access€the€highway.€Such€easement€shall€lieĞ V ¦  Ğwithin€and€be€limited€to€a€strip€of€land€running€north€and€south€the€length€of€lot€1,Ğ  j  Ğbordering€the€easternmost€boundary€of€lot€1,€from€lot€2€to€the€highway,€of€a€uniformĞ Ş .  Ğwidth€of€25€feet€Furthermore,€grantor€shall€at€all€times€have€free€and€unrestrictedĞ ¢ò  Ğaccess€to€the€gate€lying€with€the€right€of€way€on€lot€1€and€separating€1€from€theĞ f¶  Ğhighway.Ğ*z    ĞA€always€leave€the€gate€unlocked€b/c€of€her€bad€back.€Joe€locks€it€now€b/c€his€cattle€may€stray.€JoeĞ î>  Ğis€being€hassled€about€leaving€the€gate€open€and€wants€resolution€or€to€move€it€to€the€other€side€of€hisĞ ²  Ğlot€where€it€can€be€left€open.€A€wants€to€keep€her€right€of€way€right€where€it€is€and€sought€anĞ vÆ  Ğinjunction€to€keep€the€gate€open.€Also,€she€wants€Joe€to€pave€the€road€at€his€expense€and€to€fence€theĞ :Š Ğcattle€off€the€road€where€they€travel€to€get€water€located€in€troughs€sitting€on€the€easement.€€Joe,€inĞ şN Ğturn,€wants€A€to€pay€for€a€cattle€grate€by€the€gate€and€to€keep€the€road€from€being€paved€b/c€theĞ Â Ğresulting€high€traffic€might€endanger€his€cattle.Ğ †Ö ĞÌò ò3.€Materials€for€Solution€of€Principal€ProblemĞ ^ ĞòòBrown€v.€VossóóĞ Ğ  ĞFacts:ó ó€Brown€bought€2€pieces€of€land,€only€one€of€which€had€an€affirmative€easement€over€adjacentĞ ’â Ğland.€He€began€to€use€the€easement€not€only€for€the€benefit€of€the€dominant€estate€but€also€for€theĞ X¨ Ğbenefit€of€the€non„dominant€estate.Ğ l Ğò òIssue:ó ó€May€the€holder€of€an€affirmative€easement€over€a€servient€estate€use€and€enjoy€the€easementĞ à0 Ğto€the€benefit€of€a€non„dominant€estate?Ğ ¦ö Ğò òGeneral€rule:ó ó€An€easement€appurtenant€to€one€parcel€of€land€may€not€be€extended€by€the€owner€ofĞ jº Ğthe€dominant€estate€to€other€parcels€owned€by€him,€whether€adjoining€or€distinct€tracts,€to€which€theĞ 0€  Ğeasement€is€not€appurtenant.ò òĞ ôD! ĞDefendantğğs€arg:ó ó€The€extension€of€the€use€of€the€easement€for€the€benefit€of€non„dominant€propertyĞ ¸" Ğdoes€not€constitute€a€misuse€of€the€easement€b/c€there€is€not€evidence€of€an€increase€in€the€burden€onĞ ~Î# Ğthe€servient€estate.€Ğ B ’$ Ğò òCourt:ó ó€Any€extension€is€a€misuse€regardless€of€whether€there€is€a€difference€in€intensity.Ğ !V% Ğò òFootnote€rule:ó ó€Exception€to€the€noted€rule€of€law€in€the€interest€of€fairness€and€equity.€Here€appliedĞ Ì!& Ğwhere€a€party€seeks€an€equitable€resolution€w/o€having€acted€in€an€equitable€manner.Ğ ’"â' Ğò òApplied:ó ó€Plaintiff€requested€equity€but€her€hands€were€unclean.€The€trial€court€found€that€the€plaintiffĞ V#¦( Ğsought€the€injunction€only€after€waiting€and€watching€the€defendant€invest€a€yearğğs€time€and€$11,000Ğ $l) Ğin€his€project€so€that€the€defendant€would€feel€compelled€to€deal€with€her€on€her€terms€or€lose€hisĞ à$0 * Ğinvestment.€Here€the€trial€court€found€that€the€plaintiffğğs€acted€reasonably€in€developing€the€property,Ğ ¤%ô + Ğthere€was€no€damage€to€the€defendants,€there€was€no€increase€in€the€burden€on€the€servient€estate,€thatĞ h&¸!, Ğplaintiffğğs€laid€in€wait,€and€that€defendantğğs€counterclaim€was€an€effort€to€gain€leverage€in€negotiations.€Ğ ,'|"- Ğò òWhat€to€get€out€of€the€case:ó ó€(1)€Courts€will€reward€and€recognize€development€of€the€land;€(2)€if€youĞ ğ'@#. Ğseek€equity,€do€equity€i.e.€unclean€hands€and€laches.Ğ  ¶($/ Ğòòò òDavis€v.€BrukĞ ° ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Bruk€was€the€servient€estate€tenant€and€wanted€to€move€the€easement€to€another€location€b/cĞ r Ğit€ran€near€her€home.€The€Davises€wanted€the€road€to€stay€where€it€was€and€the€permission€to€widenĞ 8ˆ Ğand€pave€the€road.€Ğ üL Ğò òIssue€1:ó ó€May€a€party€unilaterally€move€an€easement?Ğ À Ğò òMajority€rule:ó ó€Once€an€expressly€deeded€easement€is€established,€by€language€or€conduct€of€theĞ †Ö Ğparties,€neither€can€change€w/o€consent€of€the€other€unless€the€document€allows€(expressly,€statutorilyĞ L œ Ğor€impliedly)€for€a€unilateral€change.€ò òĞ  ` ĞMinority€rule:ó ó€Servient€estate€tenant€may€move€unilaterally€provided€the€move€never€interferes€w/Ğ Ô $ Ğthe€dominant€estate€tenantğğs€use€and€enjoyment€of€his€easement.Ğ š ê  Ğò òBrukğğs€arg:ó ó€(1)€The€change€is€a€slight€inconvenience:€(2)€Iğğll€pay€the€cost:€(3)€Entrance€and€exit€pointsĞ ^ ®  Ğare€the€same;€(4)€The€new€easement€would€be€as€convenient€if€not€more€convenient€somewhere€else.ò òĞ $ t  ĞCourt:ó ó€(1)€Introduces€considerable€uncertainty€into€land€ownership€(as€to€titles)€and€the€real€estateĞ è 8  Ğmarket;€(2)€proliferate€litigation;€(3)€economic€windfall€to€servient€estate€holder€b/c€he€purchased€theĞ ®ş  Ğland€at€a€price€that€reflected€the€easement€where€it€is€now;€(4)€Deprives€the€dominant€estate€tenantĞ r  Ğpresent€security€in€his€property€rights;€and€(5)€might€subject€him€to€the€harassment€of€constant€moves.€Ğ 6†  Ğò òIssue€2:ó ó€May€the€dominant€estate€tenant€pave€the€right€of€way?Ğ úJ  Ğò òRule:ó ó€An€easement€for€a€right€of€way€w/o€more,€doesnğğt€not€permit€the€grantee€to€ğ ğdisturb€the€soilĞ À  Ğupon€the€feeğğ€of€the€owner€of€the€servient€estate€even€though€the€paving€of€the€right€of€way€presumablyĞ †Ö  Ğsuits€the€conveniences€of€the€owners€of€the€dominant€estate€and€provides€some€economic€benefit.€Ğ Jš Ğò òPolicy:ó ó€Subjects€the€servient€estate€to€a€material€change€and€to€rapid€transit.Ğ ^ ĞÌòòò òLewis€v€YoungĞ ˜è ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Youngs€owned€a€large€lot€and€was€the€servient€estate€to€two€other€estates€which€used€aĞ Zª Ğdriveway€over€the€Youngs€property.€The€Youngs€decided€to€remodel€their€home€and€got€permissionĞ  p Ğfrom€the€two€other€neighbors€to€move€the€easement.€One€neighbor€died€and€her€nephew€stirred€upĞ ä4 Ğtrouble€and€sued€enjoining€the€move.€Ğ ¨ø Ğò òIssue:ó ó€May€a€servient€estate€tenant€unilaterally€move€an€easement?Ğ l¼ Ğò òGeneral€law€in€New€York€(minority€rule):ó ó€Where€the€intention€in€the€granting€instrument€is€toĞ 2‚ Ğafford€only€a€right€of€ingress€and€egress,€it€is€the€right€of€passage,€and€not€any€right€in€a€physicalĞ øH Ğpassageway€itself,€that€is€granted€to€the€easement€holder.€The€easement€may€be€widened,€narrowed€orĞ ¼  Ğaltered,€gated,€fenced€or€covered€as€long€as€his€right€to€pass€remains€as€he€has€become€accustomed.Ğ €Ğ Ğ(Even€the€construction€of€a€building€on€the€easement€which€narrowed€the€right€of€way€was€upheld;Ğ D”  Ğchanging€street€grade€impaired€access€and€required€consent;€easement€holder€may€be€entitled€toĞ X! Ğnominal€damages€where€relocation€resulted€in€minimal€inconvenience;€courts€have€òòcompelledĞ Ì" Ğrelocationóó€in€the€interests€of€justice€where€the€change€did€not€substantially€interfere€w/€the€easementĞ à# Ğholderğğs€use€and€enjoyment€of€the€right€of€way;€no€unilateral€relocation€where€easement€granted€ğ ğfreeĞ T ¤$ Ğuse€of€the€present€roadway,€or€any€other€roadway€to€be€constructed).Ğ !h% Ğò òDistinguish:ó ó€Other€cases€have€held€that€easement€holders€couldnğğt€construct€on€the€ownerğğs€propertyĞ Ü!,& Ğunless€the€locations€were€fixed€on€the€landownerğğs€property.€Likewise,€dominant€estate€holders€willĞ ¢"ò' Ğnot€be€allowed€to€relocate€the€easement€unilaterally.Ğ f#¶( Ğò òReasons€against€unilateral€relocation:ó ó€(1)€Depreciate€the€value€of€the€servient€estate;€(2)€discourageĞ *$z) Ğimprovements;€(3)€incite€litigation.Ğ ğ$@ * Ğò òReasons€for:ó ó€(1)€Appreciates€the€value€of€€property;€(2)€encourages€landowner€to€make€improvements;Ğ ´%!+ Ğ(3)€incentive€to€negotiate€b/c€thereğğs€still€a€possibility€a€court€will€find€the€move€unreasonable€afterĞ z&Ê!, Ğthe€fact.Ğ >'"- Ğò òRule:ó ó€Can€move€so€long€as€he€bears€the€cost,€doesnğğt€frustrate€the€partiesğğ€intent€or€object€in€creatingĞ (R#. Ğthe€right€of€way,€does€not€increase€the€burden€on€the€easement€holder€and€doesnğğt€òòsignificantlyóó€lessenĞ È($/ Ğthe€utility€of€the€right€of€way€(slight€changes€okay).€Ğ Œ)Ü$0 Ğò òKeys:ó ó€An€indefinite€location€of€the€easement€in€the€grant,€or€easements€specified€by€metes€and€boundsĞ P* %1 Ğwhile€the€one€in€issue€is€general;€giving€imprecise€direction€of€the€easement€ğ ğrunning€generallyĞ +f&2 Ğsouthwesterly...ğğ;€boundary€described€by€a€moving€line€e.g.€ğ ğhigh€water€markğğ;€ğ ğas€the€same€as€nowĞ Ú+*'3 Ğusedğğ€didnğğt€mark€the€location.Ğ ° ĞÌòòò òHayes€v€Aquia€MarinaĞ 8ˆ ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Hayes€is€the€servient€estate€tenant€across€which€runs€a€road€to€the€dominant€estate.€AquiaĞ úJ Ğproposes€to€expand€their€marina€from€84€slips€to€280€slips.€Originally,€there€were€only€10€boat€slipsĞ À Ğattached€to€the€dominant€estate.€Hayes€claims€the€expansion€would€overburden€the€easement.€Ğ „Ô Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Will€an€increase€in€commercial€traffic€unreasonably€burden€the€servient€estate?Ğ H ˜ Ğò òGeneral€rule:ó ó€When€an€easement€is€created€by€grant€or€reservation€and€the€instrument€creating€theĞ  ^ Ğeasement€does€not€limit€the€use€to€be€made€of€it,€the€easement€may€be€used€for€ğ ğany€purpose€to€whichĞ Ô $ Ğthe€dominant€estate€may€then,€or€in€the€future,€reasonably€be€devoted.€ò òLimitation:ó ó€No€use€may€beĞ ˜ è  Ğmade€of€the€easement€which€is€different€from€that€established€at€the€time€of€its€creation€and€whichĞ ^ ®  Ğimposes€an€additional€burden€upon€the€servient€estate.€Ğ " r  Ğò òğ ğPrivate€roadwayğğó 󀄀here€doesnğğt€mean€for€private€traffic€only€but€was€used€to€describe€whichĞ æ 6  Ğroadway€b/c€there€was€a€previous€one.Ğ ¬ü  Ğò òDevelopment.ó ó€The€operation€of€a€marina€is€a€use€to€which€the€dominant€estate€reasonably€can€be€andĞ pÀ  Ğhas€been€devoted.€Ğ 6†  Ğò òAdditional€burden.ó ó€Proponent€must€prove.€Increasing€the€degree€of€burden€sufficient€to€deny€use€ofĞ úJ  Ğthe€right€of€way.€Ğ À  Ğò òPavement.ó ó€(Majority€view?)€Dominant€estate€holder€has€a€duty€to€maintain€and€repair€an€easementĞ „Ô  Ğbut€doesnğğt€have€the€right€to€improve€it.€(Minority€view)€Dominant€estate€holder€has€the€right€to€makeĞ Jš Ğreasonable€improvements€to€an€easement,€so€long€as€the€improvement€does€not€unreasonably€increaseĞ ^ Ğthe€burden€upon€the€servient€estate.€(ğ ğReasonableğğ€is€a€question€of€fact).€Ğ Ò" ĞÌòòò òBivens€v€MobleyĞ Zª ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Bivens€reserved€an€easement€on€the€east€side€of€Mobleyğğs€property.€Bivens€used,€however,Ğ l Ğanother€entrance€which€passed€over€Mobleyğğs€property€but€never€attained€an€easement€for€thatĞ â2 Ğentrance.€Mobley€eventually€incorporated€the€easement€into€part€of€his€yard.€Bivens€objected€initiallyĞ ¦ö Ğbut€acquiesced€and€actually€helped€maintain€the€landscaping€improvements€lying€on€the€easement.Ğ jº ĞEventually,€Bivens€was€required€to€run€new€water€lines.€He€wanted€to€use€the€easement€to€do€so€butĞ .~ Ğof€course€the€Mobleys€had€already€built€on€it.€€Trial€court€found€the€easement€hadnğğt€been€abandonedĞ òB Ğbut€could€only€be€used€for€ingress€and€egress€not€new€water€lines.€Ğ ¶ Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Does€an€easement€for€ingress€and€egress€include€a€right€to€necessities€which€will€notĞ zÊ Ğunreasonably€burden€the€land€owner?Ğ @  Ğò òMinority€view:ó ó€An€easement€may€be€used€to€the€full€extent€and€enjoyment€so€long€as€an€activityĞ T! Ğdoesnğğt€ğ ğmaterially€affectğğ€it.€Ğ Ê" Ğò òCourt:ó ó€Canğğt€ask€a€court€to€determine€what€is€going€to€have€an€adverse€effect€on€land€b/c€thatğğs€aĞ Ş# Ğpolitical/zoning€decision.Ğ T ¤$ Ğò òMajority€view:ó ó€\Ğ !h% Ğò òòòRowellóó:ó ó€Rowell€purchased€landlocked€property€and€invoked€statute€that€a€county€board€could€grantĞ Ş!.& Ğa€ğ ğprivate€road€for€ingress€and€egress.ğğ€ò òIssue:ó ó€Does€a€statutory€right€to€ingress€and€egress€also€createĞ ¤"ô' Ğa€right€to€lay€a€water€line?€ò òHolding:ó ó€When€the€right€of€way€is€taken€involuntarily,€the€right€isĞ j#º( Ğconstrued€narrowly.€ò òInteresting:ó ó€Still€look€at€the€contemplation€of€the€parties€e.g.€one€party€was€aĞ 0$€) Ğrancher€so€fences€were€essential.€Ğ ö$F * Ğòòò òSumrallóó€(supports€the€idea€that€neither€estate€holder€can€change€the€nature€of€the€easementĞ º% !+ Ğunilaterally:ó ó€Servient€estate€holder€barred€from€flooding€property€on€which€the€dominant€estate€holderĞ |&Ì!, Ğused€and€enjoyed€an€underground€pipeline.€ò òHolding:ó ó€The€owner€of€an€easement€has€the€right€toĞ B'’"- Ğexercise€all€the€incidents€necessary€for€the€full€enjoyment€of€that€easement€which€means€as€to€aĞ (X#. Ğpipeline€easement€that€right€for€ready€òòaccessibilityóó€to€the€line€for€òòmaintenance€and€repairóó.Ğ Ì($/ Ğò òConfusion:ó ó€Whatğğs€the€intent€of€the€parties€at€the€time€of€the€creation€of€the€easement.€CoincidentallyĞ )à$0 Ğor€not,€the€unauthorized€entrance€was€created€b/c€the€utility€company€was€installing€power€lines.€ThatĞ V*¦%1 Ğcircumstance€might€indicate€that€the€parties€were€contemplating€and€associated€an€easement€for€rightĞ +j&2 Ğof€way€and€utilities.€Yet€thereğğs€no€indication€whether€the€installation€pre„dated€the€creation€of€theĞ Ş+.'3 Ğeasement€or€not.€If€post„dated,€then€no€way€could€they€have€contemplated€the€utilities.€Ğ ° Ğò òRestatement:ó ó€In€the€absence€of€detailed€arrangements€between€the€parties,€it€is€assumed€that€theĞ tÄ Ğowner€of€the€servitude€and€the€holder€of€the€servient€estate€are€intended€to€exercise€their€respectiveĞ :Š Ğrights€and€privileges€in€a€spirit€of€mutual€accommodation.€Ğ şN Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Whatğğs€meant€by€ğ ğaccess?ğğĞ Â Ğò òRestatement€(Allows€for€a€change€in€kind):ó ó€The€beneficiary€of€an€easement€is€authorized€to€makeĞ ˆØ Ğany€use€of€the€servient€estate€that€is€reasonably€necessary€for€the€convenient€enjoyment€of€the€servitudeĞ N  Ğfor€its€intended€purpose.€Cannot€be€so€intrusive€as€to€cause€unreasonable€damage€to€the€servient€estateĞ  b Ğor€interfere€unreasonably€with€its€enjoyment.€Ğ Ö & Ğò òAccess:ó ó€Access€to€a€lake€means€the€right€to€bring€across€the€easement€anything€normally€used€at€aĞ š ê  Ğlake.€Access€to€a€house€means€the€right€to€bring€across€the€easement€anything€normally€used€at€aĞ ` °  Ğhouse.€Ğ $ t  Ğò òHolding:ó ó€When€evidence€of€intent€is€non„existent,€a€negotiated€easement€„€not€a€statutory€one€„€forĞ è 8  Ğingress€and€egress€to€a€tract€on€which€a€home€is€to€be€built€means€more€than€a€surface€roadway€onĞ ®ş  Ğwhich€people€and€vehicles€travel.€Ingress€and€egress€for€other€necessities€whether€carried€in€vehiclesĞ r  Ğor€continuously€conveyed€underground,€is€included€in€the€grant.€Limitations€may€arise€if€the€useĞ 6†  Ğinconveniences€the€servient€estate.€Ğ úJ  ĞÌò òExpress€Easements€(Mooreğğs€outline)Ğ ‚Ò  ĞÌ1.€à0  àIn€Gross€or€appurtenant?ĞVxx Ğó óà0  àA.€à0` xxàWords€of€grant€controlĞÈ` x` x Ğà  àB.€à0 ` àRebuttable€presumption€in€favor€of€appurtenant€easement.€If€you€can€find€anĞ ŒÜ Ğeasement€to€be€appurtenant,€it€should€never€be€in€gross.ĞP ` x` x Ğà  àC.€Overcome€presumptionĞ d Ğà  àà ` à(i)€Other€language€in€grantĞ Ø( Ğà  àà ` à(ii)€Other€circumstancesĞ œì ĞÌò ò2.€à0  àIf€appurtenant,€thenĞ$txx Ğà  àó óA.€à0 ` àDominant€estate€is€benefittedĞæ6` x` x Ğà  àB.€à0 ` àAutomatic€transfer€of€benefit€when€transfer€of€dominant€estateЪú` x` x Ğà  àC.€à0 ` àExceptionsĞn¾` x` x Ğà  àà ` à(i)€Grants€indicates€that€it€doesnğğt€passĞ 2‚  Ğà  àà ` à(ii)€Dominant€estate€holder€says€it€doesnğğt€passĞ öF! ĞÌò ò3.€à0  àBurden€on€Servient€EstateĞ~Î#xx Ğà  àó óA.€à0 ` àIntent€to€pass€(presumption€that€burden€would€pass€unless€strong€evidence€to€theĞ @ $ Ğcontrary)Ğ!T%` x` x Ğà  àB.€à0 ` àNotice€„€actual,€constructive€or€inquiry€noticeĞÈ!&` x` x Ğà  àà ` à(i)€Constructive€„€record€of€deedĞ Œ"Ü' Ğà0  àà0` xxà(ii)€Inquiry€„€reasonable€person€would€inquire€„€canğğt€shut€your€eyes€to€existence€toĞ P# ( Ğgiven€set€of€facts€if€visual€inspection€would€reveal.Ğ$d)` x` x Ğà  àà ` à(iii)€Notice€is€not€necessarily€knowledge,€knowledge€is€noticeĞ Ø$( * Ğà  àC.€à0 ` à(Maj)€Bona€fide€purchaser€for€good€and€valuable€consideration€w/o€notice€is€notĞ œ%ì + Ğbound€to€inquire.Ğ`&°!,` x` x Ğà  àà ` à(i)€Remedy€may€be€against€the€grantorĞ $'t"- Ğà  àà ` à(ii)€May€seek€to€establish€easement€by€implicationĞ è'8#. Ğà  àà ` à(iii)€Or€one€recognized€by€operation€of€lawĞ ¬(ü#/ Ğà  àD.€à0 ` àDonee€bound€w/o€notice€„€take€it€as€it€comesĞ p)À$0` x` x Ğò òÓ  ÓÔ‡XáHXòô ¬ÔChapter€21.€SuccessionÔ#†ô ¬òXXáH¹É#ÔÔ‡¼¬d»òô ¬Ôó óĞ ° ĞÓ  ÓÌÔ#†ô ¬ò»¼¬dÊ#Ôò ò1.€Introductionó óĞ ®ş ĞWhen€will€successors€be€bound€by€the€rights€and€obligations€that€arise€upon€its€creation?Ğ pÀ ĞÌò òStep€1:ó ó€Is€the€easement€appurtenant€or€in€gross?Ğ øH Ğà  àA.€Defer€to€what€the€òògranting€instrumentóó€says.Ğ ¾  Ğà  àB.€If€not€specified,€look€to€the€intent€of€the€òòoriginalóó€parties€e.g.€if€personal,€non„transferrableĞ ‚ Ò Ğà  àà ` à1.€Look€to€the€language€of€the€grant€„€presumed€appurtenant.Ğ F – Ğà  àà ` à2.€Look€to€surrounding€circumstancesĞ  Z  Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àà ` àİ‚‡cõÌİğ"ğà0 ¸ àİ  İtypes€of€rights€conveyed݃‡cõÌ(ÍİŒĞÎ  ¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àà ` àİ‚‡c±Íİğ"ğà0 ¸ àİ  İrelationship€of€the€parties݃‡c±ÍäÍ݌В â ¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İò òExample€1€„€Presumption€of€appurtenancy€„ó ó€A€sells€Whiteacre€bo€B,€reserving€an€easement€ofĞ V¦  Ğingress€and€egress€across€whiteacre€for€himself€b/c€blackacre€is€landlocked.€The€reservation€is€ğ ğinĞ l  Ğfavor€of€the€owner€of€blackacre€òòpersonallyóó.ğğ€The€easement€is€òòappurtenantóó€b/c€the€grant€also€says€theĞ à0  Ğeasement€is€ğ ğfor€the€benefit€of€blackacre.ğğ€Address€circumstances:€landlock€and€no€evidence€toĞ ¤ô  Ğovercome€the€presumption€of€appurtenancy.Ğ h¸  ĞÌò ò2.€Succession€of€Appurtenant€EasementsĞ ğ@ ĞòòSuccession€to€dominant€estate:óóó óĞ ² Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cÑİğ"ğà0  àİ  İExpress€words€e.g.€if€the€deed€says€the€easement€will€pass€w/€the€dominant€estate݃‡cÑ5ÑİŒĞtÄxx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c÷Ñİğ"ğà0  àİ  İIf€the€deed€precludes€the€easement€from€passing€w/€the€dominant€estate:݃‡c÷ÑÒİŒĞ8ˆxx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cÊÒİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İAnd€says€it€will€be€extinguished,€so€be€it݃‡cÊÒñÒİŒĞüL` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cŒÓİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İAnd€says€it€will€be€an€easement€in€gross€to€the€benefit€of€the€transferor,€so€be€it€soĞ À Ğlong€as€the€terms€of€the€original€grant€permits€it.݃‡cŒÓ³Ó݌ЄÔ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡cÂÔİğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İIf€the€terms€of€the€òòoriginal€grantóó€donğğt€permit€the€change€fromĞ H˜ Ğappurtenancy€to€in€gross,€then݃‡cÂÔõÔ݌Р\¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà0` xxàà ¸ àİ‚‡céÕİğ"ğà0` x` xàİ  İItğğll€either€be€extinguished€İƒ‡céÕ0ÖİŒĞĞ xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà0` xxàà ¸ àİ‚‡cÉÖİğ"ğà0` x` xàİ  İOr€revert€back€to€appurtenancy݃‡cÉÖ×݌Дäxx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà0` xxàİ‚‡c§×İğ"ğà0¸ ` x` xàİ  İò òe.g.€Original€grant€says€easement€will€pass€w/€the€land.€AĞ X¨ Ğsubsequently€conveys€the€property€to€B€saying€he€will€take€theĞ n Ğeasement€w/€him€in€gross.€The€easement€will€either€be€extinguished€orĞ à0 Ğappurtenant.݃‡c§×â×݌Тò ¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İó óİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà0` xxàİ‚‡ciÙİğ"ğà0¸ ` x` xàİ  İò òInteresting€scenario:ó ó€What€if€the€original€grant€is€ambiguous?€If€courtĞ d´! Ğfinds€the€easement€appurtenant,€then€all€subsequent€conveyances€shouldĞ *z" Ğreflect€that.݃‡ciÙ¤ÙİŒĞî>#¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cçÚİğ"ğà0  àİ  İò ò€ó óAppurtenancy€runs€w/€the€land€regardless€of€how€it€is€established€i.e.€specific€grant,€adverseĞ ² $ Ğpossession,€intestate€succession€(even€w/€no€knowledge:€beneficiary€ğ ğtakes€it€as€he€gets€it,ğğĞ x!È% Ğor€whether€possession€is€rightful€or€wrongful.݃‡cçÚÛİŒĞ<"Œ&xx ĞŒİ  İÌòòò òSuccession€to€the€servient€estate:ó óĞ Ä#( Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İò òóóİ‚‡cÔÜİğ"ğà0  àİ  İó óBurden€runs€with€the€land€against€successors€of€the€servient€estate€if€the€original€partiesĞ †$Ö) Ğintended€that€it€run€İƒ‡cÔÜõÜİŒĞL%œ *xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cîİİğ"ğà0  àİ  İProvided€the€successor€had€notice݃‡cîİ ŞİŒĞ&`!+xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c›Şİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İActual݃‡c›ŞÂŞİŒĞÔ&$",` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c9ßİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İConstructive€(deed€recorded)݃‡c9ß`ß݌И'è"-` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cíßİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İInquiry€„€reasonable€person€would€suspect€an€easement€exists,€he€is€charged€w/Ğ \(¬#. Ğnotice.݃‡cíßà݌Р)p$/` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cïàİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İDevisee€or€inheritor€takes€the€land€as€it€is.݃‡cïàáİŒĞä)4%0` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c´áİğ"ğà0  àİ  İPresumed€to€burden€the€servient€estate€b/c€itğğs€carved€out€making€it€less€than€it€used€to€be.݃‡c´áÏá݌Ш*ø%1xx ĞŒİ  İò òExample€2€„€Presumption€that€benefit€of€appurtenant€easement€passes€w/€grant€of€dominantĞ l+¼&2 Ğestate€„€ó óA€grants€B€an€easement€to€use€a€driveway€on€Blackacre€to€get€to€Whiteacre.€The€deed€is€silent.Ğ .,~'3 ĞThe€appurtenancy€runs€w/€the€land.Ğ ° Ğò òExample€3€Attempt€to€reserve€benefit€of€appurtenant€easement€when€transferring€dominateĞ tÄ Ğestate€„ó ó€A€grants€B€an€easement€appurtenant€to€draw€water€from€a€well.€B€sells€to€C€excluding€theĞ 6† Ğeasement€from€the€conveyance.€B€attempts€to€use€the€easement€for€himself€but€is€denied.€A€subsequentĞ üL Ğconveyance€in€which€the€transferor€attempts€to€reserve€the€appurtenant€easement€for€his€own€use€andĞ À Ğbenefit€will€either€extinguish€the€easement€altogether€or€remain€appurtenant€to€the€benefit€of€the€newĞ „Ô Ğowner€of€the€dominant€estate.€Ğ H ˜ Ğò òExample€4€„€Burden€of€easement€runs€if€intent€and€notice€requirements€are€satisfied€„ó ó€A€grantsĞ  \ Ğhalf€of€Blackacre€to€B€along€w/€a€right€of€way€to€use€a€road€on€the€land€retained€by€A.€A€then€sells€hisĞ Ò " Ğpart€to€C.€The€burden€of€the€easement€runs€w/€the€land€provided€C€has€notice,€actual,€constructive€orĞ – æ  Ğinquiry€notice.ò òĞ Z ª  ĞÌ3.€Succession€of€Easements€in€Grossó óĞ à 0  Ğòòò òThe€position€of€the€Restatement€(Third)€of€Property€(Servitudes)Ğ ¢ò  Ğó óóóİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cèİğ"ğà0  àİ  İEasement€in€gross€òòwill€not€passóó€when€the€owner€of€the€easement€sells€his€land.݃‡cèœèİŒĞd´ xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡caéİğ"ğà0  àİ  İThe€benefit€of€the€easement€in€gross€must€be€òòassignedóó.€İƒ‡caé|éİŒĞ(x xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c*êİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İExpress€assignability,€so€be€it.݃‡c*êQêİŒĞì< ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡câêİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İPresumed€assignable€in€the€absence€of€express€assignability݃‡câê ë݌а ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡cµëİğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İUnless€found€to€be€òòpersonaló󀄀really€personal݃‡cµëèëİŒĞtÄ ¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c”ìİğ"ğà0  àİ  İAll€easements€in€gross€are€assignable€unless€the€parties€did€not€intent€the€easement€to€beĞ 8ˆ Ğassignable,€or€the€assignability€would€offend€some€important€public€policy.݃‡c”ì¯ìİŒĞüLxx ĞŒİ  İÌò òòòThe€Older€Viewó óóóĞ „Ô Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c îİğ"ğà0  àİ  İCommercial€easements€(ğ ğgain€economic€benefitğğ)€are€òòrefutably€presumed€to€be€assignableóó.€İƒ‡c î%îİŒĞF–xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cúîİğ"ğà0  àİ  İUnless€expressly€non„assignable€or€strong€evidence€indicating€non„assignability,€then€theĞ  Z Ğbenefit€of€the€easement€passes€through€the€assignment.€İƒ‡cúîïİŒĞÎxx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c+ğİğ"ğà0  àİ  İNon„commercial€easements€(ğ ğgain€personal€satisfaction)€are€òòrefutably€presumed€to€be€non„Ğ ’â Ğassignable.óó݃‡c+ğFğİŒĞV¦xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c8ñİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İOvercome€w/€sufficient€evidence€to€indicate€the€parties€intended€the€easement€to€beĞ j Ğassignable.݃‡c8ñ_ñİŒĞŞ.` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cCòİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İSome€jurisdictions,€non„commercial€easements€in€gross€are€non„assignable.€İƒ‡cCòjò݌Тò` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c%óİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İDetermining€intent:݃‡c%óLóİŒĞf¶` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡cĞóİğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İrelationship€between€the€grantor€and€grantee€i.e.€the€more€personal€the€lessĞ *z  Ğlikely€it€was€intended€to€be€assignable.݃‡cĞóôİŒĞî>!¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡cõİğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İdegree€to€which€assignability€of€the€easement€increased€the€burden€on€theĞ ²" Ğservient€estate€either€by€increasing€its€use€or€decreasing€its€value€i.e.€theĞ vÆ# Ğgreater€the€increase,€the€less€likely€it€was€intended€to€be€assignable.݃‡cõ8õİŒĞ: Š$¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡c¸öİğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İconsideration€paid€for€the€easement€i.e.€the€greater€the€cost,€the€moreĞ ş N% Ğlikely€the€parties€intended€the€grantee€to€be€able€to€recoup€some€of€thoseĞ Â!& Ğcosts€by€selling€the€easement.݃‡c¸öëö݌І"Ö'¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà0` xxàà ¸ àİ‚‡c=øİğ"ğà0` x` xàİ  İProblem:€how€to€separate€the€consideration€İƒ‡c=ø„øİŒĞJ#š(xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà0` xxàİ‚‡c(ùİğ"ğà0¸ ` x` xàİ  İhow€temporary€is€the€easement€i.e.€if€only€temporary€and€personal,€thenĞ $^) Ğthe€parties€probably€intended€only€the€grantee€to€use€for€the€timeĞ Ò$" * Ğdesignated€or€for€the€purpose€designated.݃‡c(ùcù݌Ж%æ +¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İò òExample€5€„€Commercial€easement€in€gross€presumed€alienable€„ó ó€A€grants€B€the€right€to€removeĞ Z&ª!, Ğcoal€from€Ağğs€land.€B€then€sells€to€C.€A€objects€to€Cğğs€taking€coal.€Commercial€easements€areĞ  'p"- Ğpresumed€alienable€absent€evidence€the€parties€intended€otherwise.Ğ ä'4#. Ğò òExample€6€„€Non„commercial€in€gross€easements€presumed€non„assignable€„ó ó€A€grants€B,€hisĞ ¨(ø#/ Ğclosest€friend,€and€easement€to€walk€across€his€beach€from€property€so€that€B€can€swim€in€the€ocean.Ğ n)¾$0 ĞB€owns€no€land€in€the€vicinity.€B€is€moving€to€another€state€and€wishes€to€transfer€the€easement€to€hisĞ 2*‚%1 Ğson€C.€Itğğs€non„commercial,€so€(restatement)€look€at€the€intent€of€the€parties€or€some€overriding€publicĞ ö*F&2 Ğpolicy€to€see€if€it€was€intended€to€be€assignable€or€personal.€(Old€view)€Itğğs€rebuttably€presumed€to€beĞ º+ '3 Ğnon„assignable€(or€may€be€per€se€unassignable€in€some€jurisdictions).€Need€strong€evidence€ofĞ ~,Î'4 Ğassignability.€Look€at:€(1)€relationship;€(2)€relationship€between€the€grantor€and€grantee€i.e.€the€moreĞ ° Ğpersonal€the€less€likely€it€was€intended€to€be€assignable;€(3)€degree€to€which€assignability€of€theĞ tÄ Ğeasement€increased€the€burden€on€the€servient€estate€either€by€increasing€its€use€or€decreasing€its€valueĞ 8ˆ Ği.e.€the€greater€the€increase,€the€less€likely€it€was€intended€to€be€assignable;€(4)€consideration€paid€forĞ üL Ğthe€easement€i.e.€the€greater€the€cost,€the€more€likely€the€parties€intended€the€grantee€to€be€able€toĞ À Ğrecoup€some€of€those€costs€by€selling€the€easement;€(5)€how€temporary€is€the€easement€i.e.€if€onlyĞ „Ô Ğtemporary€and€personal,€then€the€parties€probably€intended€only€the€grantee€to€use€for€the€timeĞ H ˜ Ğdesignated€or€for€the€purpose€designated.€Here€relationship€is€personal€and€no€consideration.Ğ  \ ĞÌò ò4.€Principal€Problemó óĞ ” ä  ĞNelson€Properties,€owned€by€Cindi€Carpenter,€developing€upscale€housing,€It€developed€an€expensive,Ğ V ¦  Ğprivate€community€around€a€man„made€lake.€Every€homeowner€was€to€have€access€to€the€lake.€Tom,Ğ  j  ĞDick€and€Harry€went€to€college€w/€Cindi€who€convinced€them€to€buy€three€lots.€Grant:Ğ Ş .  Ğà8  àGrantee,€and€his€immediate€family€only,€shall€enjoy€unrestricted€and€free€use€of€theĞ ¢ò  Ğlake€so€long€as€Grantee€refrains€from€all€behavior€which€may€disturb€the€tranquilĞ f¶  Ğatmosphere€of€the€community.Ğ*z    ĞTom,€Dick€and€Harry€sold€their€homes€to€Anita,€Ruth€and€Dyan€whose€families€were€all€activeĞ î>  Ğswimmers.€GrantĞ ²  Ğà8  àGrantor€hereby€grants€and€conveys€to€Grantee€the€below€described€property,€andĞ vÆ  ĞGrantee€takes€subject€to€all€easement€and€encumbrances€burdening€the€said€land.Ğ:Š   ĞNelson€Properties€sold€to€W€Properties.€W€Properties€objected€to€Anita,€Ruth€and€Dyanğğs€use€of€theĞ şN Ğlake€in€the€summertime€after€they€followed€other€families€down€to€the€lake€to€swim.€W€claims€theĞ Â Ğeasements€were€non„commercial€in€gross€therefore€non„assignable.Ğ †Ö ĞÌò ò5.€Materials€for€Solution€of€Principal€Problemó óĞ ^ Ğò òòòNelson€v.€JohnsonóóĞ Ğ  ĞFacts:ó ó€Original€conveyance€reserved€water€rights€and€right€of€way.€Subsequent€conveyances€referredĞ ’â Ğto€the€original€conveyance€in€name€and€date€only.€When€the€Johnsons€purchased€the€property€theĞ X¨ Ğreservation€had€not€been€recorded€but€they€did€have€actual€notice€of€the€provisions€in€the€deed€whichĞ l Ğwas€later€corrected.€The€dominant€estate€transferred€with€reference€to€the€easement.€Ğ à0 Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Is€the€easement€in€gross€or€appurtenant?Ğ ¤ô Ğò òRule€&€analysis:ó ó€An€easement€in€gross€is€merely€a€personal€interest€in€the€land€of€another;€whereasĞ jº Ğan€easement€appurtenant€is€an€interest€which€is€annexed€to€the€possession€of€the€dominant€tenementĞ 0€  Ğand€passes€with€it.€An€appurtenant€easement€must€bear€some€relation€to€the€land.€This€easement€isĞ ôD! Ğbeneficial€and€useful€to€the€cattle€ranch€and€doubtful€easements€s/b€construed€to€be€appurtenant.Ğ ¸" ĞÌòòò òBurcky€v€KnowlesĞ @ $ ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Predecessor€in€interest€of€the€servient€estate€conveyed€two€separate€parcels€of€his€land€reservingĞ !R% Ğfor€them€a€path€15'€wide€over€his€estate.€ò òó óPlaintiffs,€successors€to€the€servient€estate,€claim€the€easementĞ È!& Ğwas€in€gross€b/c€there€werenğğt€words€of€inheritance.Ğ Œ"Ü' Ğò òRule€&€analysis:ó ó€The€easement€is€appurtenant€b/c€(1)€the€language€creates€two€distinct€tenements€inĞ P# ( Ğwhich€a€dominant€estate€is€benefitted€by€use€of€an€easement€on€a€servient€estate;€(2)€the€language€isĞ $f) Ğclear€and€unambiguous;€(3)€no€inference€can€be€drawn€by€the€absence€of€words€of€inheritance.Ğ Ú$* * ĞSubsequent€conveyances€broadened€the€language€of€the€easement€to€include€passage€by€horse€orĞ %î + Ğvehicle.€That€language€didnğğt€really€broaden€the€scope€b/c€either€would€have€been€allowed€under€theĞ b&²!, Ğoriginal€deed.Ğ &'v"- Ğò òIn€gross:ó ó€Generally€not€inheritable€and€s/n/b€found€where€an€appurtenant€estate€can€be€fairlyĞ ê':#. Ğconstrued.€Ğ °($/ ĞÌòòò òCrane€v.€CraneĞ 8*ˆ%1 ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Defendant€had€1950€acres€adjacent€to€federal€forest€land€which€permitted€cattle€ranchers€toĞ ú*J&2 Ğgraze.€The€road€leading€to€the€federal€land€crosses€over€defendantğğs€property.€Since€there€is€noĞ À+'3 Ğdominant€estate,€the€easement,€if€it€exists,€is€in€gross.Ğ „,Ô'4 Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Can€an€easement€in€gross€acquired€by€a€predecessor€be€transferred€to€a€successor€by€purchaseĞ ° Ğor€descent.Ğ vÆ Ğò òRule:ó ó€Easements€in€gross€are€alienable€if€commercial.Ğ :Š Ğò òAnalysis:ó ó€An€easement€by€prescription€arises€under€our€common€law€from€a€use€of€the€servient€estateĞ P Ğthat€is€ğ ğopen,€notorious,€adverse€and€continuous€for€a€period€of€20€years.ğğ€Therefore,€commercialĞ Æ Ğeasements€acquired€by€prescription€may€be€conveyed€subsequently€if€commercial€or€may€be€assigned.€Ğ ŠÚ Ğò òMooreğğs€notes:Ğ N  Ğó óAdverse€possession€and€the€Utilitarian€Theory:€(1)€best€use€of€land;€(2)€punishes€un„vigilant€ownerĞ  ` Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡chİğ"ğà0  àİ  İObjective€verifiability€„€open,€notorious€and€continuous€for€statutory€period.݃‡chƒİŒĞÔ $xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cBİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İVerifiability€is€objective݃‡cBi݌И è ` x` x ĞŒİ  İEconomic€benefit€then€probably€commercial.Ğ \ ¬  Ğ2€competing€public€policiesĞ  p  Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡ccİğ"ğà0  àİ  İOwnerğğs€use€v€better€use݃‡cc~İŒĞä 4 xx ĞŒİ  İÌòòò òOğğDonovan€v€HugginsĞ l¼  ĞóóFacts:ó ó€McIntosh€reserved€an€easement€for€himself€over€property€he€sold€to€Huggins.€The€easementĞ .~  Ğwas€for€the€benefit€and€use€of€some€future€property€holders€of€adjacent€property.€It€was€an€easementĞ ôD  Ğin€gross.€McIntosh€eventually€tried€to€assign€or€sell€the€easement€to€OğğDonovan,€who€had€purchasedĞ ¸  Ğthe€adjacent€property.€Ğ |Ì  Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Is€an€easement€in€gross€assignable?Ğ @ Ğò òAnalysis:ó ó€Previously,€the€court€would€not€recognize€the€assignability€of€in€gross€easements.€Yet€hereĞ V Ğthey€recognized€that€the€parties€expressly€intended€to€create€that€possibility.€Ğ Ì Ğò òPolicy:ó ó€(1)€Promotes€the€free€alienability€of€property;€(2)€Consistent€w/€holding€easements€appurtenantĞ à Ğin€order€to€further€alienability.€Ğ V¦ Ğò òCounter€arg:ó ó€Servient€estate€holder€is€burdened€where€there€is€in€gross€alienation€but€that€burden€isĞ j Ğnot€an€additional€one€had€the€easement€not€been€transferred.Ğ à0 Ğò òStare€decisis:ó ó€Embodies€important€social€policy€of€continuity€in€law.€Abandonment€would€interfereĞ ¤ô Ğwith€the€valid€reliance€interests€of€litigants€arising€from€contract€rights,€real€property€rights€or€rightsĞ jº Ğto€property€by€descent.€Ğ .~ ĞÌò òNotes:Ğ ¶ ĞCommercial€v€non„commercial.€ó ó€Represents€the€older€view.€Restatement€(third)€makes€noĞ xÈ Ğdistinctions.€Ğ >  Ğò òNon„transferrable€easements€in€gross€versus€transferable€easements€in€gross.ó ó€Beware€aĞ R! Ğreservation€in€the€ğ ğsellersğğ€instead€of€ğ ğsellers€and€his€assigns.ğğ€Ğ È" ĞÌÓ  Óò òÔ€XáHXòô ¬ÔĞ  P  $ ĞChapter€22.€Express€Easements:€Termination€and€Extinguishmentó óÔ€ô ¬òXXáHÔĞ ° Ğò òÓ  ÓÌ1.€Introductionó óĞ ^® Ğò òTermination:Ğ  p ĞA.€In€accordance€w/€terms€of€its€creationó ó:€Time€limits€or€purpose€limitsĞ â2 Ğò òB.€Easement€owner€may€terminate€by:Ğ ¨ø Ğó óà0  àò ò1.€Releaseó 󀄀formal€written€that€meets€the€same€requirements€to€create€an€easement€i.e.€statuteĞ j º Ğof€frauds€„€in€writing€and€signed€by€the€party€against€whom€it€is€to€be€enforced.Ğ0 €xx Ğà0  àò ò2.€Abandonment€ó ó„€(1)€Intent€to€abandon€or€relinquish€the€right;€(2)€acts€manifesting€thatĞ ô D Ğintent;€(3)€sufficiently€unequivocal€conduct.к  xx Ğà  àò òMajority:ó ó€No€reliance€by€servient€estate€tenant€on€the€intent€to€abandon.Ğ ~ Î  Ğò òà0  àMinority:ó ó€Requires€servient€estate€tenant€to€have€relied€on€dominant€estate€holderğğsĞ D ”  Ğabandonment.€(see€estoppel)Ğ Z xx Ğà0  àEx€3€(no€abandonment):€A€has€easement€to€take€water€from€Bğğs€property.€A€tells€B€that€heĞ Î  Ğno€longer€needs€it€and€later€writes€a€letter€saying€as€much.€No€abandonment€unless€the€letterĞ ’â  Ğmeets€the€requirement€to€create€i.e.€statute€of€frauds.ĞV¦ xx Ğà0  àEx€4€(abandonment):€A€owns€lot€1€and€B€owns€lot€2.€A€has€an€easement€across€lot€2€to€enterĞ j  Ğlot€1€on€the€east€side.€A€then€constructs€a€building€on€lot€1€which€has€its€easterly€wall€runningĞ Ş.  Ğthe€entire€length€of€the€property€line.€A€tells€B€that€she€doesnğğt€need€the€easement€anymore.Ğ ¢ò  ĞLater€she€tears€the€building€down€and€tries€to€use.€Abandonment€„€words€and€conduct.Ğ f¶ Ğ(Remember€maj/min€rules).Ğ*zxx Ğà0  àEx€5€(no€abandonment):€A€has€easement€across€Bğğs€land.€A€doesnğğt€use€for€30€years.€AĞ î> Ğreturns€and€wishes€to€use.€He€can.€Non„use€is€only€evidence€of€intent€to€abandon.вxx Ğà0  àEx€6€(probably€no€abandonment):€A€owns€lot€1€and€B€owns€lot€2.€A€paved€road€is€built€nextĞ vÆ Ğto€lot€1.€A€begins€to€use.€A€can€probably€still€use€the€easement€unless€B€can€show€that€AğğsĞ :Š Ğconduct€was€an€intentional€relinquishment€or€inconsistent€w/€an€intention€to€continue€to€useĞ şN Ğthe€easement.ĞÂxx Ğà0  àEx€7€(abandonment):€A€has€an€easement€across€Bğğs€land.€B€constructs€a€garage€which€abutsĞ †Ö Ğon€the€common€property€line€where€the€easement€originates.€A€can€open€both€doors€on€bothĞ Jš Ğends€of€the€garage€to€use€her€easement.€A€stops€using€and€permits€a€tree€to€grow€in€front€ofĞ ^ Ğthe€garage€making€use€impossible.€After€15€years€she€cuts€the€tree€down€and€tries€to€use.Ğ Ò" ĞAbandonment€b/c€the€tree€was€inconsistent€w/€intent€to€use.Ğ–æxx Ğò òà0  à3.€Improper/adverse€use:ó ó€(1)€Use€has€to€be€incompatible€w/€use€of€easement:€(2)€for€aĞ Zª  Ğspecified€time.€Ğ p!xx Ğà0  àEx€8€(easement€extinguished):€A€grants€B€an€easement€across€Ağğs€land€to€a€street.€The€roadĞ ä4" Ğis€linked€to€a€road€across€Bğğs€land€which€runs€north€to€another€public€street.€B€subsequentlyĞ ¨ø# Ğdedicates€the€road€on€his€land€to€the€public.€The€public€eventually€begins€to€use€the€easement.Ğ l ¼$ ĞIt€is€extinguished€b/c€of€misuse.Ğ0!€%xx Ğà0  àEx€9€(easement€extinguished):€A€has€an€unrecorded€easement€giving€him€bathing€privilegesĞ ô!D& Ğin€a€pond€on€Ağğs€land.€A€sells€to€C€and€fails€to€tell€her€about€Ağğs€privileges.€C€has€no€noticeĞ ¸"' Ğof€Ağğs€privileges.€A€cannot€enforce€his€easement€b/c€C€was€a€bona€fide€purchaser€w/o€notice,Ğ |#Ì( Ğactual,€constructive€or€inquiry.€A€should€have€recorded€his€easement.Ğ@$)xx Ğà  àò òAdverse€possession:Ğ %T * Ğà  àó ó(1)€Adverse€to€the€owner€of€the€easementĞ Æ%!+ Ğà  à(2)€For€prescriptive€periodĞ Š&Ú!, Ğà  à(3)€Continuous€and€uninterruptedĞ N'"- Ğà  à(4)€Open,€actual,€notorious,€exclusive€and€hostile€possession€(objective€verifiability)Ğ (b#. Ğà  à(5)€Under€a€claim€of€right€(asserting€ownership€w/o€authority)€or€color€of€title€(Defective€title)Ğ Ö(&$/ Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cÊ1İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İDistinguish€between€adverse€possession€of€land€and€of€an€easement݃‡cÊ1ñ1݌К)ê$0` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà0` xxàİ‚‡c£2İğ"ğà0¸ ` x` xàİ  İAdverse€possessor€may€have€a€right€(servient€estate€holder)€to€be€on€theĞ ^*®%1 Ğeasement,€therefore,€the€holder€may€not€object€to€his€presence.݃‡c£2Ş2İŒĞ"+r&2¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà0` xxàİ‚‡có3İğ"ğà0¸ ` x` xàİ  İAdverse€possession€of€an€easement,€then,€must€be€sufficiently€hostile€andĞ æ+6'3 Ğinconsistent€w/€easement.݃‡có3.4݌а¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İà0  àEx€10€(no€extinguishment€of€easement):€A€owns€an€easement€across€Bğğs€land.€A€does€not€useĞ tÄ Ğit€due€to€6„year€illness.€B€in€the€meantime,€continuously€uses€the€road.€Upon€recovery,€AĞ 8ˆ Ğwants€to€use€and€B€objects.€Statutory€period€has€passed€but€A€can€still€use€b/c€Bğğs€acts€wereĞ üL Ğnot€adverse.ĞÀxx Ğà0  àEx€11€(termination€of€easement€by€adverse€use):€A€owns€an€easement€over€Bğğs€property.€€BĞ „Ô Ğbuilds€a€fence€across€the€easement€and€keeps€it€locked.€Six€years€after€the€fence€is€built,€AĞ H ˜ Ğsues€B.€A€has€lost€her€easement€through€adverse€possessionĞ \xx Ğò òà0  à4.€Merger:ó ó€Dominant€estate€holder€acquires€the€rights€to€the€servient€estate.€The€easementsĞ Ğ  Ğonce€merged€cannot€be€revived€unless€the€parties€expressly€indicate€they€will€or€by€anĞ – æ  Ğimplied€easement.€Merger€may€also€suspend€the€easement€for€a€limited€period.ĞZ ª xx Ğò òà0  à5.€Estoppel:ó ó€Servient€estate€owner,€(1)€reasonably€relying€on€actions€of€the€easement€owner,Ğ  n  Ğ(2)€engages€in€conduct€inconsistent€with€the€continuance€of€the€easement,€and€(3)€if€theĞ ä 4  Ğservient€owner€would€suffer€unreasonable€harm€by€a€restoration€of€the€easement,€theĞ ¨ø  Ğeasement€owner€is€estopped€from€asserting€these€rights€and€the€easement€is€extinguished.Ğl¼ xx Ğà0  àEx€14.€A€owns€an€easement€across€Bğğs€land.€A€has€no€intention€of€abandoning€but€fails€to€useĞ 0€  Ğfor€5€years.€B,€reasonably€believing€that€A€intends€to€abandon,€begins€to€construct€a€buildingĞ ôD  Ğon€the€easement.€A€notices€but€doesnğğt€say€anything.€A€then€asserts€her€rights€to€use.Ğ ¸  ĞExtinguishment.Ğ|Ì xx Ğà  àò ò6.€Extinguishment€by€third€parties:€(STEM)Ğ @ Ğó óİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c÷<İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İStatutory€enactments݃‡c÷<=İŒĞR` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c£=İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İTax€Sales݃‡c£=Ê=İŒĞÆ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡cD>İğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İMaj€view€„€purchaser€will€take€subject€to€easement€appurtenant݃‡cD>w>݌Њڸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡c.?İğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İMin€view€„€purchase€extinguishes€b/c€new€purchaser€has€new€source€ofĞ N Ğtitle€and€encumbrances€gone.݃‡c.?a?İŒĞb¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cO@İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İEminent€domain݃‡cO@v@İŒĞÖ&` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡cõ@İğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İServient€estate€condemned€then€extinguish€the€easement€if€it€can€no€longerĞ šê Ğbe€used€for€its€intended€purpose.݃‡cõ@(AİŒĞ^®¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c!Bİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İMortgage€foreclosure݃‡c!BHBİŒĞ"r` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡cÍBİğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İAllows€mortgagee€to€realize€his€security€at€the€time€mortgage€executed.݃‡cÍBCİŒĞæ6¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡cÀCİğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İIf€easement€is€executed€before€mortgage€is€placed€on€property,€theĞ ªú Ğeasement€would€be€unaffected.݃‡cÀCóCİŒĞn¾¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà0  àà ` àİ‚‡càDİğ"ğà0¸ xxàİ  İIf€easement€holder€is€executed€after€mortgage€is€placed€on€the€property,Ğ 2‚  Ğthe€dominant€estate€holder€must€be€joined€as€a€party€before€the€easementĞ öF! Ğis€extinguished€b/c€he€has€a€property€interest.€İƒ‡càDE݌к "¸ x¸ x ĞŒİ  İÌò ò2.€Principal€Problemó óĞ B ’$ ĞÌò ò3.€Materials€for€Solution€of€Principal€Problemó óĞ È!& Ğò òòòWetmore€v€WheatonĞ Š"Ú' ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Wetmore€owned€80€acres.€He€granted€10€landlocked€acres€to€defendant€w/€an€easement€to€aĞ L#œ( Ğroad€nearby.€Defendants€approached€Wetmore€about€getting€an€easement€to€the€west€of€their€10€acres.Ğ $b) ĞPlaintiff€wanted€to€instead€sell€the€entire€40€acres€on€which€the€proposed€easement€sat.€WetmoreĞ Ö$& * Ğwanted€the€defendants€to€then€give€up€the€existing€easement€that€happened€to€run€in€front€of€his€houseĞ š%ê + Ğsince€they€were€gaining€a€new€way€to€get€into€their€property.€They€declined€saying€only€that€theyğğd€tryĞ ^&®!, Ğto€re„direct€traffic€over€the€new€property.€Wetmore€sold€the€land€and€prepared€a€memo€statingĞ "'r"- Ğdefendantğğs€desire€to€continue€to€use€the€first€easement.€The€defendants€then€built€a€building€that€satĞ æ'6#. Ğupon€both€parcels€of€ground.€Wetmore€complained€that€the€first€easement€was€being€used€to€theĞ ª(ú#/ Ğbenefit€of€the€non„dominant€estate.€Ğ n)¾$0 Ğò òRules:ó ó€Where€a€building€sits€atop€a€dominant€and€non„dominant€estate,€an€easement€cannot€be€usedĞ 2*‚%1 Ğto€the€benefit€of€the€non„dominant€estate.€Where€it€is€impossible€to€sever€the€traffic,€an€easement€mightĞ ø*H&2 Ğbe€extinguished€through€misuse.€Ğ ¼+ '3 Ğò òWhy€not€use€the€general€rule€here:ó ó€(1)€In€other€cases,€the€dominant€estate€holder€had€been€the€oneĞ €,Ğ'4 Ğto€extend€the€easement€to€the€non„dominant€estate€w/o€servient€estate€tenantğğs€permission.€HereĞ ° ĞWetmore€sold€the€other€land€w/€reasonable€foreseeability€that€the€defendants€might€build€something.Ğ tÄ Ğthere.€(2)€Traffic€actually€went€down€after€the€second€sale.€(Wetmore€didnğğt€come€into€court€with€cleanĞ 8ˆ Ğhands;€A€court€will€not€require€the€doing€or€prohibition€of€an€act€where€the€benefit€to€be€obtained€doesĞ üL Ğnot€warrant€the€hardship€imposed)€ò òFootnote€rule.Ğ À ĞÌòòPavlik€v€Consolidation€CoalĞ H ˜ ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Coal€company€had€a€defeasible€easement€for€a€pipeline€across€Pavlikğğs€land.€The€coal€companyĞ  Z Ğshut€the€pipeline€down€b/c€of€low€demand.€Ğ Ğ  Ğò òLanguage€at€issue:ó ó€...€for€the€òòpurposesóó€and€with€the€rights€of€constructing,€maintaining,€operating,Ğ ” ä  Ğaltering,€repairing,€replacing€òòandóó€removing€one€pipe€line€for€the€transportation€of€coal€slurry,€with€freeĞ Z ª  Ğingress€and€egress€over€said€lands€for€said€purposes.€DEFEASANCE€CLAUSE.€It€is€a€condition€ofĞ  n  Ğthis€deed€that,€if€at€any€time€said€pipeline€shall€cease€to€be€used€for€the€òòpurposeóó€set€forth€herein€for€theĞ â 2  Ğperiod€of€one€year,€then€all€rights€of€the€grantee€obtained€by€this€deed€shall€cease€and€determine,€andĞ ¦ö  Ğthe€land€across€which€said€right€of€way€goes€shall€be€free€and€clear€of€the€easement€granted€hereby,Ğ jº  Ğwithout€further€act€or€writing;€provided,€however,€that,€if€requested,€grantee€agrees€to€execute€a€formalĞ .~  Ğrelease€of€said€release.Ğ òB  ĞThe€parties€negotiated€15€supplemental€agreements€all€for€a€year.Ğ ¶  Ğò òAnalysis:ó ó€(1)€The€language€is€clear€and€indicates€that€if€the€pipe€line€shuts€down€for€a€year,€theĞ zÊ  Ğeasement€ceases.€(2)€Look€at€the€document€as€a€whole€and€the€consideration€was€minuscule.€(3)Ğ @ ĞLooking€at€the€actions€of€the€parties,€the€coal€company€signed€15€agreements.€If€cessation€of€theĞ T Ğoperation€didnğğt€affect€the€agreement,€why€sign€the€supplemental€ones.€Ğ È ĞÌò òòòMuellerĞ P  ĞóóFacts:€ó óMueller€took€possession€of€the€servient€estate€knowing€there€was€an€easement€across€it.€TheĞ b Ğdominant€estate€holder,€however,€customarily€used€another€way€in.€The€last€two€dominant€estateĞ Ø( Ğtenants€decided€to€have€the€land€surveyed€and€discovered€the€easement€which€had€never€been€used.Ğ œì ĞMueller,€though,€had€drilled€a€well€on€it.€Trial€court€found€for€Mueller€under€adverse€possession.Ğ `° Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Had€the€easement€terminated€by€adverse€possession?Ğ $t Ğò òHow€could€the€easement€have€been€terminated?Ğ ê: Ğ1.€Subdivision€of€dominant€estate.ó ó€Wonğğt€work.€Each€dominant€estate€succeeds€to€the€easement.€Ğ ¬ü Ğò ò2.€Abandonment.ó ó€(1)€Intentional€relinquishment;€(2)€Unequivocal€acts;€(3)€Inconsistent€w/€continuedĞ r Ğuse€or€intended€use€of€easement.€Non„use€is€not€enough.€Must€be€accompanied€by€affirmative€andĞ 8ˆ  Ğunequivocal€acts€indicative€of€an€intent€to€abandon€and€is€inconsistent€w/€the€continued€existence€ofĞ üL! Ğthe€easement.€Alternative€routes€not€enough.Ğ À" Ğò ò3.€Estoppel.ó ó€€(1)€Servient€estate€holder€takes€action€inconsistent€with€the€continued€use€of€theĞ „Ô# Ğeasement;€(2)€such€action€is€taken€in€reasonable€reliance€upon€conduct€of€the€owner€of€the€easement;Ğ J š$ Ğ(3)€the€owner€of€the€easement€might€have€reasonably€foreseen€such€reliance€and€the€consequent€action;Ğ !^% Ğ(4)€risk€of€unreasonable€harm€to€servient€estate€holder€if€easement€werenğğt€extinguished.€Ğ Ò!"& Ğò ò4.€Adverse€possession.ó ó€(1)€Adverse€to€owner€of€easement;€(2)€for€prescriptive€period;€(3)€continuousĞ –"æ' Ğand€uninterrupted€use;€(4)€open,€notorious,€actual,€exclusive€and€hostile€possession;€(5)€under€a€claimĞ \#¬( Ğof€right€(asserting€ownership€w/o€authority)€or€color€of€title€(òòdefective€titleóó).€Easement€holder€mustĞ  $p) Ğprove€that€adverse€possession€is€sufficiently€hostile€and€inconsistent€w/€the€use€permitted€by€theĞ ä$4 * Ğeasement.€Creation€or€termination€by€prescription€is€not€favored€in€the€law.€Ğ ¨%ø + Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡c˜^İğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İò òSpecial€problems€w/€an€unused€easement€(exception€to€termination€by€adverseĞ l&¼!, Ğpossession).ó ó€Where€an€easement€has€been€created€but€no€occasion€has€arisen€for€itsĞ 2'‚"- Ğuse,€the€owner€of€the€servient€tenement€may€fence€his€land€and€such€use€will€not€beĞ ø'H#. Ğdeemed€adverse€to€the€existence€of€the€easement€until€such€time€as€(1)€the€need€forĞ ¼( $/ Ğthe€right€o€way€arises;€(2)€a€demand€is€made€by€the€owner€of€the€dominant€tenementĞ €)Ğ$0 Ğthat€the€easement€be€opened;€and€(3)€the€owner€of€the€dominant€estate€refused€to€doĞ D*”%1 Ğso.€Theory€is€that€easements€not€definitively€fixed€are€not€yet€functional€andĞ +X&2 Ğtherefore€the€owner€of€the€easement€could€not€be€expected€to€have€notice€of€theĞ Ì+'3 Ğadverse€claim€until€either€the€easement€is€opened€or€the€owner€demands€that€it€beĞ ,à'4 Ğopened.݃‡c˜^¿^݌а` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cĞbİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İAn€easement€is€opened€when€used€or€dominant€estate€tenant€demands€it€to€beĞ tÄ Ğopened.€İƒ‡cĞb÷bİŒĞ8ˆ` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cÏcİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İPrescriptive€period€begins€to€run€when€the€demand€is€made€a€refused.ò òó ó݃‡cÏcöcİŒĞüL` x` x ĞŒİ  İÌò òProblems€with€adverse€possession.€ó óExtinction€favored€because€there€is€no€writing.€Title€may€passĞ „Ô Ğto€the€unsuspecting.Ğ J š ĞÌò òAdditional€notes€to€adverse€possessionĞ Ò " ĞContinuous.ó ó€Not€daily€or€frequently.€The€nature€type€of€use€will€dictate€the€frequency.Ğ ” ä  Ğò òUninterrupted.ó ó€Look€at€the€activity.€E.g.€ğ ğSecret€userğğ€„€underground€pipes;€no€self„helpĞ Z ª  Ğò òObjective€verifiability.ó ó€Once€established€the€ownerğğs€permission€is€irrelevant.Ğ  p  Ğò òCourt€action.ó ó€Stops€the€prescriptive€period€from€running.€If€opponent€loses,€add€the€court€period€backĞ æ 6  Ğin.Ğ ¬ü  Ğò òStatutory€period.€ó ó€Texas€is€10€years;€confined€to€a€specific€area.Ğ pÀ  Ğò òExclusivity:ó óĞ 6†  Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡chİğ"ğà0  àİ  İMinority€„€use€must€be€exclusive€i.e.€not€dependent€on€anyone€elseğğs€use;€doesnğğt€meanĞ øH  Ğsolely;€e.g.€10€people€may€use€a€walkway€and€each€have€ğ ğexclusiveğğ€use.݃‡ch#h݌м xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cRiİğ"ğà0  àİ  İMinority€„€if€claimant€and€true€owner€use€concurrently,€use€is€not€adverse€b/c€itğğs€notĞ €Ğ  Ğexclusive.݃‡cRimiİŒĞD”xx ĞŒİ  İò òPublic€policy.ó ó€Disfavors€easements€by€prescription€b/c€(1)€forfeiture€of€otherğğs€rights;€(2)€discouragesĞ X Ğharmonious€relationships.Ğ Î Ğò òDisability.ó ó€If€disabled€when€period€begins,€the€statute€is€tolled.€Includes€sickness€and€insanity.€WhenĞ ’â Ğthe€disability€ends,€regardless€for€how€long,€the€statute€begins€to€toll.Ğ X¨ Ğò òInfant.ó ó€Tolled€to€age€of€majority.ò òó óĞ l Ğò òTacking€and€privity.ó ó€Successive€owners€may€aggregate€their€prescriptive€rights€if€the€predecessorĞ â2 Ğintends€for€successor€to€do€so.€Ğ  ¨ø ĞÓ  Óò òÔ€XáHXòô ¬ÔChapter€23.€Non„Express€EasementsĞ ° ĞÔ‡ô ¬òXXáHÔÓ  Ó1.€Introductionó óĞ œì ĞÔ*’ƒZdd˜dd ˜˜dd ˜˜dd ˜ Z °x°x’ÔÔ,ä dd ÔÔ,ä dd ÔÔ+  ÔĞ ^®^® Ğò òEasements€by€Implicationó óĞ   Ğò òEasements€by€Necessityó ó€(landlock)Ğ   Ğ1.€Unity€of€titleĞ  l Ğ1.€Unity€of€titleÔ#†XáHXòô ¬Cm#ÔÔ‡ô ¬òXXáHÔĞ  l Ğ2.€Intent€to€create€„€implied€by€theĞ t Ä Ğcircumstances;€no€particular€verbal€formulaĞ 8 ˆ Ğneeded.Ğ  ü L  Ğ2.€Intent€to€createÔ#†XáHXòô ¬Ko#ÔÔ‡ô ¬òXXáHÔĞ  t Ä  Ğ3.€Apparent€use€i.e.€discoverable€uponĞ T ¤  Ğreasonable€inspectionĞ   h  Ğ3.€Absolute€necessity€i.e.€need€for€full€use€andĞ T ¤  Ğenjoyment;€uphold€intent€of€the€parties;€theĞ  h Ğcourt€will€find€intent€unless€thereğğs€anĞ Ü ,  Ğaffirmative€showing€otherwise.Ğ   ğ  Ğ4.€Continuous,€not€occasional€or€temporaryĞ  øH  ĞĞ  øH  Ğ5.€Important€or€reasonable€necessary€toĞ P   Ğclaimed€dominant€estateĞ  d  ĞĞ P    ĞÌò òFactors€to€implication:Ğ Ì Ğó ó1.€à0  àThe€terms€of€the€conveyanceĞŞxx Ğ2.€à0  àThe€consideration€paidĞR¢xx Ğ3.€à0  àWhether€the€claim€is€made€against€a€simultaneous€conveyeeĞfxx Ğ4.€à0  àThe€extent€of€necessity€of€the€easementĞÚ*xx Ğ5.€à0  àWhether€reciprocal€benefits€result€to€the€conveyor€and€the€conveyeeĞîxx Ğ6.€à0  àThe€manner€in€which€the€land€was€used€prior€to€its€conveyance,€and€the€subsequent€actionsĞ b² Ğtaken€by€the€parties.Ğ&vxx Ğ7.€à0  àThe€extent€to€which€the€manner€of€prior€use€was€or€might€have€been€known€to€the€parties.Ğê:xx Ğ8.€à0  àThe€result€that€would€best€meet€the€reasonable€expectations€of€land€owners€and€purchasers,Ğ ®ş Ğand€arrive€at€results€that€are€fair€to€all€parties.Ğr xx Ğ9.€à0  àThe€ability€of€parties€to€act€to€avoid€the€confusionĞ6†!xx Ğ10.€à0  àPublic€policy€considerations,€such€as€the€avoidance€of€economic€waste€and€the€promotion€ofĞ úJ" Ğfull€utilization€of€the€land€in€questionо#xx Ğ11.€à0  àThe€size,€shape€and€location€of€the€landĞ‚Ò$xx Ğ12.€à0  àWhether€the€claimant€is€the€conveyor€or€the€conveyee.ĞF–%xx ĞÌò òEasements€Implied€by€Prior€UseĞ Î ' ĞAn€easement€is€implied€ó óif€at€the€time€of€the€severance€the€parties€had€reasonable€grounds€to€expectĞ !à( Ğthat€the€conveyance€would€not€terminate€the€right€to€continue€the€prior€use.€Reasonable€grounds€isĞ V"¦) Ğestablished€if€the€quasi€easement€is€apparent,€been€used€continuously,€and€must€be€important€orĞ #j* Ğreasonably€necessary€for€the€enjoyment€of€the€claimed€dominant€estate.€ò òĞ Ş#.+ ĞCommon€ownership.ó ó€Emphasis€is€placed€on€how€the€land€was€used€prior€to€severance.€For€exampleĞ ¢$ò, Ğdid€the€owner€create€quasi„dominant€or€servient€easements.Ğ h%¸ - ĞEx.€1€(quasi€easement);€A€builds€a€sewer€line€running€from€a€house€on€lot€1€underneath€other€lots€heĞ ,&|!. Ğowns.€He€uses€for€five€years.€He€has€created€quasi€servient€and€dominant€easements€on€his€own€land.Ğ ğ&@"/ Ğò òGrant.ó ó€When€the€common€owner€conveys€the€quasi€dominant€estate,€the€grantee€may€claim€an€impliedĞ ´'#0 Ğeasement.€If€he€conveys€the€servient€estate,€he€may€claim€an€implied€reservation.€Difficult€to€implyĞ z(Ê#1 Ğan€easement€in€the€grantor€since€heğğs€the€drafter.€Georgia€refuses€to€recognize€implied€easements€atĞ >)$2 Ğall.€Ğ  *R%3 ĞEx.€2€(easement€appurtenant):€A€owns€lot€1€and€2€and€runs€a€sewer€line€from€her€house€on€lot€1Ğ ° Ğunderneath€lot€2.€She€also€uses€a€dirt€road€across€lot€1€for€access€to€lot€2€from€the€street.€A€thenĞ tÄ Ğconveys€lot€1€to€B.€B€has€an€easement€appurtenant€to€lot€1€implied€by€grant€to€use€the€sewer€line€acrossĞ 8ˆ Ğlot€2.€A€has€an€easement€appurtenant€to€lot€2€implied€by€reservation.Ğ üL ĞEx€3.€(Apparent,€continuous€and€necessary):€A€owns€property€upon€which€he€builds€two€dwellingĞ À Ğhouses€only€a€few€feet€apart.€The€eaves€of€one€house€extends€over€the€property€of€another.€A€sells€oneĞ „Ô Ğhouse€to€B.€Ağğs€use€of€the€burdened€parcel€(Bğğs)€was€apparent,€continuous€and€reasonably€necessary.Ğ H ˜ ĞEx€4€(Apparent,€continuous€and€necessary):€A€has€two€adjoining€parcels€and€constructs€a€drivewayĞ  \ Ğwhich€he€uses€for€each.€He€sells€one€to€B.€B€can€use€the€driveway€b/c€it€is€situated€on€both€parcels.Ğ Ğ  ĞEx€5€(No€implied€easement):€A€has€land€which€has€a€recreational€area€where€he€rides€horses.€HeĞ ” ä  Ğconveys€that€part€of€the€land€to€B.€A€cannot€continue€to€use€the€recreational€features€of€the€land€heĞ X ¨  Ğconveyed€b/c€his€use€of€the€property€was€not€apparent€or€necessary€for€the€enjoyment€of€the€claimedĞ  l  Ğparcel.Ğ à 0  Ğò òAn€easement€will€not€be€implied€in€the€face€of€evidence€proving€that€no€such€intent€existedó óĞ ¤ô  ĞEx.€6.€(No€implied€easement):€A€owns€lots€1€and€2€and€continuously€uses€a€rod€on€lot€1€for€access€toĞ f¶  Ğlot€2€from€a€street€adjoining€lot€1.€Lot€2€has€other€means€of€access€to€the€streets,€the€road€across€lotĞ *z  Ğ1€is€the€most€convenient.€A€sells€lot€2€to€B.€B€offers€$2,000€more€if€she€will€permit€B€to€use€the€roadĞ î>  Ğacross€lot€1.€A€refuses,€stating€that€she€does€not€want€her€property€perpetually€burdened€by€anĞ ²  Ğeasement.€No€implied€easement.€Ğ vÆ  Ğò òPrior€use€is€essential.ó ó€An€increase€in€intensity€if€foreseeable€and€adds€no€unreasonable€burden.ò òĞ :Š Ğó óEx€7€(Implied€easement):€A€owns€a€number€of€lots€and€places€an€electric€line€supplying€electric€serviceĞ P Ğto€a€house€on€lot€1€through€the€ceiling€of€the€house€on€lot€2.€She€sells€to€B€and€C.€B€in€lot€1€needs€toĞ Ä Ğincrease€the€supply€of€electricity.€B€has€an€implied€easement€to€Cğğs€property€to€increase€the€supplyĞ ˆØ Ğò òSuccession.ó ó€Same€except€court€more€likely€to€terminate€an€implied€easement€b/c€thereğğs€no€writing.Ğ Lœ ĞÌò òEasements€by€necessity.Ğ Ö& Ğó óPublic€policy€favoring€the€full€utilization€of€land.€However,€most€courts€try€to€justify€easement€byĞ ˜è Ğnecessity€as€giving€effect€to€the€intention€of€the€parties.€One€who€conveys€an€interest€must€haveĞ \¬ Ğintended€to€convey€with€it€all€rights€necessary€for€the€enjoyment€of€the€interest€conveyed,€or€must€haveĞ  p Ğintended€to€retain€all€rights€necessary€for€the€enjoyment€of€any€interest€retained.€Courts€will€find€intentĞ ä4 Ğto€create€unless€thereğğs€strong€evidence€to€the€contrary.€Ğ ¨ø ĞEx€1€(easement€by€necessity):€A€owns€two€lots€which€only€one€has€access€to€a€highway.€He€conveysĞ l¼ Ğone€to€B.€The€deed€contains€no€language€of€easements€but€she€needs€to€use€the€path€across€the€otherĞ 0€  Ğlot€to€gain€access€to€the€highway.€She€canĞ ôD! ĞEx€2.€(easement€by€necessity):€A€owns€apartment€building.€The€apartments€are€served€by€commonĞ ¸" Ğhalls€and€stairways.€Each€tenant€has€an€easement€by€necessity€to€use€the€common€halls.Ğ |Ì# ĞEx€3€(easement€by€necessity):€A€owns€land€which€contains€coal€mines.€A€conveys€the€coal€to€B.€B€isĞ @ $ Ğentitled€to€an€easement€by€necessity€to€access€the€coal.Ğ !T% Ğò òAbsolute€necessity€required.ó óĞ È!& ĞEx€4€(meaning€of€ğ ğnecessityğğ):€A€owns€a€parcel€of€land€abutting€a€lake.€A€sells€a€portion€of€the€landĞ Š"Ú' Ğto€B.€Her€only€access€is€by€boat€across€the€lake.€Later€she€tries€to€develop€her€land.€She€needs€anĞ N#( Ğeasement€across€Ağğs€land€to€carry€building€materials.€Court€would€look€at€whether€the€development€Ğ $b) Ğwas€reasonably€foreseeable,€the€public€policy€promoting€use€and€enjoyment€and€development€of€land,Ğ Ö$& * Ğand€intent€of€the€parties.Ğ š%ê + Ğò òDetermining€the€scope€of€an€easement.ó ó€Disappears€when€purpose€ceases.Ğ ^&®!, ĞEx€5€(locating€easement€by€necessity):€A€conveys€to€B€a€landlocked€parcel.€B€needs€access€to€a€streetĞ $'t"- Ğover€Ağğs€land.€Where€should€the€easement€be?€Anywhere€A€can€find€it.€Look€at€prior€use€or€conductĞ è'8#. Ğif€available.Ğ ¬(ü#/ ĞEx€6.€(terminating€easement€by€necessity):€A€owns€a€parcel€to€B.€The€deed€is€silent€as€to€any€easementĞ p)À$0 Ğrights€but€since€the€land€is€locked€in,€B€uses€a€road€across€Ağğs€land.€Subsequently,€B€buys€anotherĞ 4*„%1 Ğpiece€of€property€with€access€to€a€street.€B€no€longer€needs€the€easement.€Ğ ø*H&2 ĞÌĞ €,Ğ'4 Ğò òChanges€in€either€the€nature€of€the€use€or€the€activity€on€the€servient€estate.Ğ ° Ğó óEx€7€(scope€of€easement€by€necessity):€A€uses€a€footpath€as€an€easement€by€necessity€to€reach€her€lotĞ r Ğby€crossing€over€Bğğs€land.€A€then€drives€over€the€easement.€B€objects.€A€wins€b/c€the€scope€of€theĞ 6† Ğeasement€is€deemed€to€be€coextensive€with€the€present€and€future€uses€of€the€dominant€estate.Ğ úJ ĞEx€8€(limits€on€easement€by€necessity):€A€has€an€easement€by€necessity€to€cross€land€retained€by€B,Ğ ¾ Ğher€grantor,€to€reach€her€lot€from€the€highway.€She€uses€for€10€years€but€B€tears€it€up€when€he€findsĞ ‚Ò Ğoil€on€his€property€and€moves€it.€B€wins€b/c€A€not€entitled€to€the€most€convenient€route.Ğ F – ĞÌò ò2.€Principal€Problemó óĞ Î  ĞÌò ò3.€Materials€for€Solution€of€Principal€ProblemÔ#†XáHXòô ¬Jp#Ôó óĞ T ¤  ĞÔ‡ô ¬òXXáHÔÌò òòòHillside€Development€v.€FieldsĞ Ú *  ĞóóFacts:ó óÔ#†XáHXòô ¬¢–#ÔÔ€ô ¬òXXáHÔ€Defendant€claims€he€has€a€visible€easement€across€Hillside€development.€The€property€wasĞ œì  Ğonce€undivided.€Original€owner€constructed€the€house€now€belonging€to€Fields.€The€garage€is€situatedĞ b²  Ğin€such€a€way€as€to€require€the€driveway€to€circle€the€house.€Part€of€the€driveway,€then,€actuallyĞ &v  Ğextends€beyond€his€estate.€Ğ ê:  Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Did€defendant€obtain€an€implied€easement€for€use€of€the€driveway?Ğ ®ş  Ğò òRule:ó ó€Elements€of€a€visible€easement:€(1)€Unity€of€ownership€followed€by€a€separation€of€title€intoĞ tÄ  Ğdominant€and€servient€estates;€(2)€it€was€constructed,€altered€or€artificially€arranged€by€the€commonĞ :Š Ğowner€so€as€to€constitute€an€open,€obvious€and€visible€benefit€or€advantage€to€the€claimantğğs€propertyĞ şN Ğand€a€burden€to€the€servient€portion€of€the€premises;€(3)€used€many€years€prior€to€the€subdivision€ofĞ Â Ğthe€property€under€circumstances€showing€that€the€alteration€or€artificial€arrangement€was€òòintendedóóĞ †Ö Ğto€be€permanent;€(4)€is€reasonably€necessary€for€the€full€beneficial€use€and€enjoyment€of€the€premisesĞ Jš Ğ(alternatives€are€not€dispositive€b/c€weğğre€looking€for€the€full€use€and€enjoyment€of€the€land).Ğ ^ Ğò òPlaintiffğğs€arg:ó ó€Fields€was€aware€the€driveway€was€not€included€in€his€estate.Ğ Ò" Ğò òCourtğğs€counter:ó ó€Neither€the€lack€of€an€express€easement€for€the€driveway€nor€the€existence€of€anĞ ˜è Ğexpress€ingress„egress€easement€negates€the€existence€of€an€easement€implied€from€pre„existing€useĞ ^® Ği.e.€a€visible€easement.€In€fact,€Fieldsğğ€awareness€is€consistent€w/€establishing€a€visible€easement.Ğ "r Ğò òPolicy€factors:ó ó€(1)€Parties€are€presumed€to€have€contracted€w/€a€view€to€the€condition€of€the€propertyĞ æ6 Ğas€it€actually€was€at€the€time€of€the€transaction€and€that€after€sale€neither€party€has€a€right€w/o€theĞ ¬ü Ğconsent€of€the€other€to€change€to€the€detriment€of€the€other€a€condition€which€openly€and€visibly€exists;Ğ pÀ Ğ(2)€Estoppel€i.e.€the€party€resisting€the€easement€is€said€to€stand€in€the€shoes€of€the€owner€who€createdĞ 4„  Ğthe€quasi„easement€prior€to€a€subdivision.Ğ øH! Ğò òGarage€doctrine:ó ó€Clear€manifestation€of€owner€intent.€as€long€as€the€garage€stands€and€the€adjoiningĞ ¼ " Ğowners€maintain€it€as€it€was€originally€constructed€each€neighboring€owner€is€bound€by€the€principlesĞ ‚Ò# Ğof€implied€easement.€Ğ F –$ ĞÌòòò òWardĞ Î!& ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Plaintiff€argues€thereğğs€an€implied€easement€prohibiting€defendant€from€erecting€a€fence€acrossĞ "à' Ğthe€driveway.€Ğ V#¦( Ğò òAnalysis:ó ó€Plaintiff€bought€her€property€from€the€common€owner€and€is€said€to€have€stepped€in€hisĞ $j) Ğshoes.€In€Texas,€the€grantor€who€wants€to€prove€an€implied€easement€must€show€absolute€necessity.Ğ à$0 * ĞA€grantee€only€need€show€reasonable€necessity.€Ğ ¤%ô + ĞÌòòò òEpsteinĞ ,'|"- ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Epstein€owns€an€easement€across€K„Martğğs€property.€His€property€is€land„locked€otherwise.Ğ î'>#. ĞEpsteinğğs€tenant,€Levitz,€has€a€sign€on€K„Martğğs€property€as€well.€The€original€lease€between€LevitzĞ ´($/ Ğand€Epstein€prohibited€Levitz€would€not€erect€a€sign€w/o€Epsteinğğs€written€consent.€They€did€soĞ x)È$0 Ğnevertheless€w/only€verbal€consent.€Ğ <*Œ%1 Ğò òòòMotel€6óó:€ó óAn€easement€by€implication€arises€when€the€parties€òòintendedóó€to€create€an€easement€butĞ +P&2 Ğneglected€to€include€or€embody€it€in€a€written€agreement.€òòIntentóó€can€be€òòimputedóó€under€theĞ Æ+'3 Ğcircumstances.€Ğ Š,Ú'4 Їò òòòBurnsóó:€ó ó(Traditional€test€for€determining€intent€to€create€an€implied€easement):€Where€an€owner€ofĞ ° Ğland€subjects€part€of€it€to€an€open,€visible€permanent€and€continuous€servitude€or€easement€in€favorĞ vÆ Ğof€another€part€and€then€aliens€either,€the€purchaser€takes€subject€to€the€burden€of€the€benefit€as€theĞ :Š Ğcase€may€be,€and€this€irrespective€ow€whether€or€not€the€easement€constituted€a€necessary€right€of€way.€Ğ şN Ğò òòòMann„Ô_ÔHoffÔ_Ôóó:ó ó€The€easement€did€not€have€to€be€an€ğ ğabsolute€necessityğğ€for€use€of€the€dominant€estateĞ Â Ğbut€rather€simply€ğ ğconvenient€or€beneficial€to€the€dominant€estate.ğğĞ ˆØ Ğò òResolution.ó ó€Tests€are€but€a€substitute€for€finding€the€intent€of€the€parties.€Did€the€parties€intend€aĞ L œ Ğpermanent€encumbrance€on€the€servient€estate.€Ğ  b Ğò òSeverance.ó ó€When€circumstances€suggest€that€an€agreement€among€parties€would€include€mention€ofĞ Ö & Ğall€intended€grants,€it€is€not€unreasonable€to€require€that€they€insert€a€provision€in€the€agreement€of€saleĞ œ ì  Ğwhich€would€have€reserved€the€same.€The€absence€of€such€a€reservation€suggests€most€strongly€thatĞ ` °  Ğthe€alleged€right€was€not€intended€to€be€retained.€Ğ $ t  Ğò òPermanence.ó ó€Presume€permanency€from€the€nature€of€the€use€unless€the€surrounding€circumstancesĞ è 8  Ğdictate€otherwise.€e.g.€sewer€line€is€presumed€permanent;€sign€not€(may€be€cemented€in€however).Ğ ®ş  ĞÌò òNotes:ó ó€Ğ 6†  Ğò òDegree€of€necessity:ó óĞ üL  Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c|­İğ"ğà0  àİ  İòòEpsteinóó:€abandons€„€looks€at€convenience€to€servient€estate݃‡c|­—­İŒĞ¾ xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cI®İğ"ğà0  àİ  İòòWardóó:€strict€necessity;݃‡cI®d®İŒĞ‚Ò xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cò®İğ"ğà0  àİ  İRestatement:ò ò€ó ónecessity€but€an€element€in€a€balancing€test݃‡cò® ¯İŒĞF–xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c½¯İğ"ğà0  àİ  İòòHillsideóó:€reasonably€necessary݃‡c½¯د݌Р\xx ĞŒİ  İò òTime€of€severance.ó ó€At€the€time€of€the€severance€of€the€unity.Ğ Ğ  Ğò òApparency.ó ó€òòÔ_ÔWestbrookÔ_Ôóó:€Implied€easement€for€sewer€line€where€the€common€owner€sold€a€dominantĞ –æ Ğestate€first€and€the€heirs€of€the€common€owner€were€the€present€owners€of€the€servient€estate.€Use€mustĞ \¬ Ğhave€been€apparent€at€the€time€of€the€grant€b/c€its€existence€was€indicated€by€signs€which€might€beĞ  p Ğseen€or€known€on€a€careful€inspection€by€a€person€ordinarily€conversant€w/€the€subject.Ğ ä4 Ğò òPolicies€for€and€against€implied€easements:Ğ ¨ø ĞFor:ó óĞ jº Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c!³İğ"ğà0  àİ  İFulfillment€of€intent€of€the€parties݃‡c!³<³İŒĞ,|xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cѳİğ"ğà0  àİ  İAverage€person€doesnğğt€know€of€the€need€to€reserve€and€record.€He€will€overlook€theĞ ğ@ Ğrequirements݃‡cѳì³İŒĞ´xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cÔ´İğ"ğà0  àİ  İIf€it€were€intended€and€simply€not€written€down,€courts€want€to€give€effect€to€the€partiesğğĞ xÈ Ğintent.݃‡cÔ´ï´İŒĞ<Œ xx ĞŒİ  İò òAgainst:Ğ P! Ğó óİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cıµİğ"ğà0  àİ  İDefeats€recording€system݃‡cıµ¶İŒĞÂ"xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c¡¶İğ"ğà0  àİ  İDefeats€statute€of€frauds݃‡c¡¶¼¶İŒĞ†Ö#xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cF·İğ"ğà0  àİ  İDefeats€rationale€for€formality€in€writing€i.e.€stability€of€property€ownership,€certainty€of€title݃‡cF·a·݌РJ š$xx ĞŒİ  İò òÓ  ÓÔ‡XáHXòô ¬ÔB.€Covenants€Running€With€The€Land€(Promissory€Servitudes)Ğ ° ĞÔ#†ô ¬òXXáHD¸#ÔÔ‡XáHXòô ¬ÔÌChapter€24.€ó óÔ#†ô ¬òXXáHÕ¸#ÔĞ ˆØ Ğò òÔ€XáHXòô ¬ÔCreation€and€ValidityĞ tÄ ĞÓ  ÓÔ€ô ¬òXXáHÔ1.€IntroductionĞ `° Ğ2.€TerminologyĞ " r ĞÌServitudesó ó.ò ò€ó óRights€in€land€possessed€by€another€(other€than€possessory€interests€or€liens),€in€additionĞ ¦ ö Ğto€those€normally€implied€from€the€ownership€of€land.Ğ l ¼ ĞÌò òPromissory€Servitude.ó ó€A€promise€or€agreement€to€do€or€refrain€from€doing€a€specified€actĞ ô D  Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c>»İğ"ğà0  àİ  İReal€covenants€or€covenants€running€with€the€land݃‡c>»Y»İŒĞº xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cû»İğ"ğà0  àİ  İEquitable€servitudes݃‡cû»¼İŒĞ~Î xx ĞŒİ  İÌò òDistinguish€real€covenants€and€equitable€servitudesó óĞ V  ĞÔ*ƒZddä dd ä ä dd ä Z°x°xÔÔ,ä dd ÔÔ,ä dd ÔÔ+  ÔĞ $È È  „„$ĞReal€CovenantsĞ ',|  „„'ĞEquitable€Servitudes/RestrictiveĞ ,|  ĞCovenant/Reciprocal€Negative€CovenantĞ î>  ĞLaw€courts€recognized€as€running€w/€the€landĞ  D” ĞEquity€courtsĞ  D” ĞEnforced€at€law€means€that€the€breach€willĞ œì Ğgive€rise€to€a€cause€of€action€for€damages€andĞ `° Ğan€injunctionĞ  $t ĞEnforced€in€equity€means€that€the€breach€willĞ œì Ğgive€rise€to€an€injunction.Ğ  `° ĞMost€are€affirmative€in€nature€i.e.€requireĞ |Ì Ğtaking€certain€specified€actions.Ğ  @ ĞRestrict€the€use€of€the€burdened€land€byĞ |Ì Ğprohibiting€the€owner€from€using€the€land€inĞ @ Ğcertain€specified€waysĞ  T ĞĞ  \¬ ĞĞ \¬   ĞÌEx.€1€(affirmative€vs€negative€covenants):€A€covenants€she€will€use€the€house€she€is€buying€only€forĞ d! Ğa€single€family€residence€(negative€covenant)€and€that€she€will€pay€monthly€dues€(affirmativeĞ Ø(" Ğcovenant)€to€the€homeownersğğ€association.€She€also€promises€to€abide€by€the€rules€(affirmative€in€formĞ œì# Ğbut€negative€in€substance).Ğ `°$ ĞÌò òReal€covenant€and€equitable€servitude.ó ó€Enforced€by€both€equitable€and€legal€remedies.Ğ è8& ĞÌò òCovenant€disputes€do€not€always€involve€issues€of€succession.€ó ó(If€a€dispute€arises€between€originalĞ r!Â( Ğcontracting€parties,€itğğs€irrelevant€that€the€covenant€runs€with€the€land).Ğ 8"ˆ) ĞÌEx€2€(Contract€question):€A€owns€parcels€1€and€2.€She€sells€parcel€1€to€Gus,€using€a€deed€that€providesĞ À#+ Ğthat€Fran€will€use€parcel€2€only€for€residential€purposes.€The€deed€is€silent€whether€the€covenant€runsĞ „$Ô, Ğw/€the€land.€A€decides€to€build€a€commercial€structure€on€parcel€2.€Gus€objects.€Since€A€and€Gus€areĞ H%˜ - Ğthe€original€parties,€itğğs€a€contract€question.Ğ  &\!. ĞÌò òMoore:Ğ ”'ä"0 ĞEquitable€servitude€(reciprocal€negative€covenant).ó ó€If€owner€2+€lots€so€situated€as€to€bear€aĞ V(¦#1 Ğrelationship€sells€1€lot€w/€restrictions€for€the€benefit€of€the€land€retained,€the€servitude€becomes€mutualĞ )l$2 Ğand€during€period€of€restraint€the€owner€of€the€lots€retained€an€do€nothing€forbidden€to€the€owner€ofĞ à)0%3 Ğthe€other€lots.€Ğ ¤*ô%4 Ğò òMutuality.ó ó€If€you€can€establish€through€intent€i.e.€common€plan€or€scheme,€map€or€plat,€then€thatĞ h+¸&5 Ğintent€must€be€carried€forward.€Canğğt€be€retroactive.Ğ .,~'6 Ğò òCommon€plan€or€scheme.ó ó€E.g.€owner€of€100€lots€w/€restrictions€on€only€a€few,€you€can€impute€to€all.Ğ ° ĞÌò òDuty€to€inquire.ó ó€If€a€reasonable€person€would€have€noticed€the€common€plan€or€scheme,€notice€isĞ :Š Ğimputed€to€a€new€buyer€even€though€itğğs€not€in€the€deed.€Ğ P ĞÌò ò3.€Principal€problemĞ ˆØ ĞÌ4.€Materials€for€the€principal€problem.Ğ  \ ĞÌòòÔ_ÔNahrstedtÔ_Ô€v.€Lakeside€VillageĞ  à  ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Plaintiff€owned€condo€that€had€restrictive€covenant€as€to€pet€ownership.€Ğ R ¢  Ğò òIssue:ó ó€Is€a€pet€restriction€contained€in€the€recorded€declaration€of€a€condo€complex€enforceable€againstĞ  h  Ğthe€homeowner?Ğ Ş .  Ğò òRule:€ó ó(Statute)€Covenants€must€be€enforced€unless€the€conditions€and€restrictions€contained€in€theĞ ¢ò  Ğrecorded€declaration€or€a€common€interest€development€is€unreasonable.Ğ h¸  Ğò òElement€at€issue:ó ó€UnreasonableĞ ,|  Ğò òAnalysis:ó ó€Presumption€of€validity.€Opponent€of€covenant€must€show€that€the€burdens€imposed€onĞ òB  Ğaffected€properties€(òònot€just€heróó)€substantially€outweighs€the€benefits€of€the€restriction€and€it€shouldnğğtĞ ¸  Ğbe€forced€against€anyone.€The€recorded€notice€is€sufficient€to€notify€anyone€of€the€restrictions.€Ğ |Ì  Ğò òCommon€interest€development.ó ó€Restrictive€covenant€must€be€recorded€prior€to€the€sale€of€any€unit.Ğ @ ĞItğğs€a€collection€of€covenant,€conditions€and€servitudes€that€govern€the€project.€The€viability€of€sharedĞ V Ğownership€of€improved€real€property€rests€on€the€existence€of€extensive€reciprocal€servitudes,€togetherĞ Ê Ğwith€the€ability€of€each€co„owner€to€prevent€the€propertyğğs€partition.€Ğ Ş Ğò òAverage€reciprocity€of€advantage.ó ó€Subordination€of€individual€property€rights€to€the€collectiveĞ R¢ Ğjudgment€of€the€owners€association€together€w/€restrictions€on€the€use€of€real€property.€Ğ h Ğò òEquitable€reasonableness.ó ó€Restrictions€provide€a€reasonable€means€of€furthering€the€collectiveĞ Ü, Ğhealth,€happiness€and€enjoyment€of€life.Ğ ¢ò Ğò òEquitable€servitudes.ó ó€Courts€can€enforce€even€though€the€person€who€made€the€promise€hasĞ f¶ Ğtransferred€the€land€to€another.€The€landownerğğs€promise€to€refrain€creates€in€the€beneficiary€of€thatĞ ,| Ğpromise€an€equitable€interest€in€the€land€of€the€promisor.€Ğ ğ@ Ğò òEnforcement€unless:ó ó€(1)€violates€public€policy;€(2)€bears€no€rational€relation€to€protection,Ğ ´ Ğpreservation,€operation€or€purpose€of€the€affected€land;€and€(3)€the€burden€on€the€affected€land€is€soĞ zÊ Ğdisproportionate€to€the€beneficial€effects€that€the€restrictions€should€not€be€enforced.€Ğ >  Ğò òPublic€policy€for€restrictive€covenants:€ó ó(1)€Stability€„€discourages€lawsuits€from€owners€seekingĞ R! Ğpersonal€exemptions;€(2)€predictability€„€people€can€rely€on€enforcement€of€the€promise;€and€(3)Ğ È" Ğuniformity.Ğ ŒÜ# ĞÌòòò òHill€v€Community€of€DamienĞ !d% ĞóóFacts:ó ó€Plaintiffs€argued€that€a€group€home€housing€people€w/€AIDS€violated€a€restrictive€covenantĞ Ö!&& Ğprohibiting€non„residential€use.Ğ œ"ì' Ğò òIssue€1:ó ó€Whether€to€enforce€a€restrictive€covenantĞ `#°( Ğò òAnalysis:ó ó€(1)€Look€to€see€if€the€language€is€unclear€or€ambiguous€and€resolve€in€favor€free€use€andĞ &$v) Ğenjoyment€of€the€property€against€the€covenant;€(2)€cannot€imply€restrictions€on€property;€(3)€interpretĞ ì$< * Ğreasonably€and€strictly€not€to€create€an€illogical,€unnatural€or€strained€construction;€(4)€give€the€wordsĞ °%!+ Ğin€the€covenant€their€ordinary€and€intended€meaning.€The€home€is€designed€to€give€the€same€benefitsĞ t&Ä!, Ğof€a€traditional€family€including€those€services€that€would€be€available€to€a€disabled€individual€in€theirĞ 8'ˆ"- Ğown€home.€ğ ğFamilyğğ€doesnğğt€encompass€only€those€people€related€by€blood€or€marriage.€AccordingĞ ü'L#. Ğto€the€zoning€ordinance,€ğ ğfamilyğğ€includes€any€group€of€not€more€than€five€unrelated€persons€livingĞ À($/ Ğtogether€in€a€dwelling.Ğ „)Ô$0 Ğò òPlaintiffğğs€arg:ó ó€Zoning€ordinance€irrelevant€and€a€city€ordinance€cannot€trump€a€covenant.€Ğ H*˜%1 Ğò òCourtğğs€counter:ó ó€Looking€to€the€zoning€ordinance€as€persuasive€definition.€Likewise,€thereğğs€a€publicĞ +^&2 Ğpolicy€in€favor€of€including€small€group€homes€w/in€the€definition€of€the€term€ğ ğfamily.ğğ€For€example,Ğ Ô+$'3 Ğthe€FHA€protections€for€handicapped€people€extend€to€individuals€with€AIDS.€Last,€where€a€restrictiveĞ ° Ğcovenant€doesnğğt€address€itself€to€the€composition€of€the€family,€a€court€is€loathe€to€restrict€a€familyĞ tÄ Ğunit€to€that€composed€of€persons€who€are€related€to€one€another€by€consanguinity.€Ğ 8ˆ Ğò òConclusion:ó ó€The€court€found€that€the€community€group€home€exhibits€the€kind€of€stability,Ğ üL Ğpermanency€and€functional€lifestyle€which€is€equivalent€to€that€of€the€traditional€family€unit.€Ğ  ĞÌòòò òFranklin€v.€Ô_ÔSpadaforaÔ_ÔĞ J š ĞóóIssue:ó ó€Does€a€trust€by„law€which€limits€to€two€the€number€of€units€any€one€person€or€entity€could€ownĞ  \ Ğrepresent€an€unreasonable€restraint€on€alienation€and€deny€plaintiffs€equal€protection?Ğ Ò " Ğò òAnalysis€of€unreasonable€restraint€on€alienation:Ğ – æ  Ğ1.€Interest€in€the€land.ó ó€In€the€context€of€condo€housing,€donğğt€interpret€as€to€require€land€ownershipĞ X ¨  Ğby€a€party€to€the€suit€who€wants€to€enforce.Ğ  n  Ğò ò2.€Duration€of€restraint.€ó óShouldnğğt€extend€beyond€the€RAP.Ğ â 2  Ğò ò3.€Worthwhile€purpose.ó ó€Maximum€occupancy€by€resident„owners.€Encourages€continuity€andĞ ¨ø  Ğstability,€safeguards€ownersğğ€investments,€and€inhibits€transiency.Ğ n¾  Ğò ò4.€Type€of€conveyance€prohibited.ó ó€Ğ 2‚  Ğò ò5.€Number€of€person€affected.€ó ó€Not€many.Ğ øH  ĞÌò òNotes:Ğ ‚Ò  Ğó óĞ  D” ĞÓ  Óò òÔ‡XáHXòô ¬ÔChapter€25.€ó óÔ#†ô ¬òXXáHõá#ÔĞ ° Ğò òÔ‡XáHXòô ¬ÔEnforcement€and€Running€of€CovenantsĞ œì ĞÓ  ÓÌ1.€Enforcement€by€One€Who€Owns€No€Land€(Covenants€in€Gross)Ô#†ô ¬òXXáH^â#ÔĞ tÄ ĞÌCovenant€in€gross.ó ó€Covenant€that€the€promisor€did€not€intend€to€be€appurtenant€to€land€owned€orĞ " r Ğpossessed€by€the€promissee.€(Moore:€covenants€in€gross€that€encourage€a€public€purpose€s/b€valid)Ğ è 8 Ğò òCommon€law.ó ó€No€enforcement€by€successors€to€a€covenant€in€gross€benefit€because:Ğ ¬ ü Ğà  à1.€à0 ` àAffects€the€marketability€of€the€propertyĞr Â` x` x Ğà  à2.€à0 ` àAllows€outsiders€to€influence€property€owners.Ğ6 † ` x` x Ğà  à3.€à0 ` àSometimes€the€in€gross€beneficiary€cannot€be€found.Ğú J ` x` x Ğò òOld€Restatement.ó ó€The€inconvenience€of€enforcing€a€burden€on€land€s/b€allowed€only€when€thatĞ ¾   Ğinconvenience€is€balanced€by€a€benefit€to€neighboring€land.€Ğ „Ô  Ğò òNew€Restatement.ó óIntent€controls.Ğ H˜  Ğò òMajority€view.ó ó€Donğğt€allow€the€burden€to€run€if€the€benefit€is€held€in€gross.Ğ ^  Ğò òMinority€views.€ó ó(1)€Yes;€(2)€Donğğt€allow€regardless€of€convenience.Ğ Ô$  ĞÌEx€1:ò ò€ó óNature€foundation€obtains€an€agreement€w/€A€that€her€land€will€be€maintained€in€its€natural€state.€Ğ ^®  Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cèİğ"ğà0  àİ  İEnforcement€against€original€parties;€İƒ‡cè6èİŒĞ$txx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cÍèİğ"ğà0  àİ  İno€enforcement€against€a€Ô_ÔBFPÔ_Ô€w/o€notice.€İƒ‡cÍèèèİŒĞè8xx ĞŒİ  İÌEx€2:€B,€a€developer,€sells€100€lots.€As€a€part€of€a€common€plan€or€scheme€each€lot€is€bound€by€aĞ pÀ Ğcovenant€restricting€its€use€to€single€family€residence.€C€buys€and€uses€commercially.€Can€B€enforce?€Ğ 4„ Ğİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c”êİğ"ğà0  àİ  İOld€Restatement€„€common€plan€benefits€adjacent€land,€so€B€can€enforce݃‡c”ê¯êİŒĞøHxx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cfëİğ"ğà0  àİ  İNew€Restatement€„€intent€of€original€parties€controls݃‡cfëë݌м xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡c'ìİğ"ğà0  àİ  İMajority€view€„€No݃‡c'ìBì݌ЀĞxx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İİ‚‡cÅìİğ"ğà0  àİ  İReasons€to€enforce:݃‡cÅìàìİŒĞD”xx ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cdíİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İB€has€a€continuing€economic€interest/stake€in€the€enforcement€e.g.€he€may€haveĞ X Ğproperty€in€the€area€ready€for€development€and€no€enforcement€in€anotherĞ Ì Ğdevelopment€of€his€would€hurt€the€new€development݃‡cdí‹íİŒĞà` x` x ĞŒİ  İİ‚‡cÿİİ  İà  àİ‚‡cíîİğ"ğà0 ` àİ  İHis€goodwill€and€reputation€İƒ‡cíîïİŒĞT¤` x` x ĞŒİ  İÌEx€3:€A€is€a€developer.€Each€lot€is€subject€to€a€covenant€to€pay€reasonable€charges€to€a€homeownerğğsĞ Ü,  Ğassociation.€The€association€can€enforce€against€any€violator.€Ğ  ğ! ĞÌò òÔ€XáHXòô ¬Ô2.€Enforcement€by€Successor€of€Promisee€Against€Successor€of€Promisor€(TheĞ ( x# ĞRunning€Issue)Ô€ô ¬òXXáHÔĞ !d$ Ğó óÌÔ*ƒZddä dd ä ä dd ä Z°x°xÔÔ,(