WPC1 ugVD}NyAo.-MhA_; F B_YKfZ:~#&n%\j%[5Jӻq/l1Lc8dnU<(ZD,שxEU> 0 0 0p 0h 0q 0( 0# 0 0~ 0l 0T 09 0 0 0 0 0 0| 0X 0? 0# 0 0 0 0 0 0` 0n;! 0.! 1e! 7<" 1eJ" 7"" 0"##UNL& %&M&(&N& 1u& 72C'UX2u'U6'U,' 0(c ( 0dwl( 0( 0m) 0 * 0* 0+ 0c, 0DR- 1_. 0. 0 }/ 1e0U.0^ 1w@ 14`1t1 mv1-1\  `&Times New Roman' Chapter 1 ! Moral Integrity of the Sport: The role of the Commissioner and the Law&er and the Law0Andrew J Schumacher00Andrew J Schumacher .   2P+M 0_level1  , 8.4 <DL!823  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2M+M 0_level2  X 5+4 44 <DL!523  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2M+M 0_level3   5+` ` ` <DL!523  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2J+M 0_level4   2( <DL!223  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2J+M 0_level5   2( <DL!223  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2G+M 0_level6   /% <DL!/23  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2G+M 0_level7  4 /% <DL!/23  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2D+M 0_level8  ` ,"< <<DL!,23  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2D+M 0_level9   ,"h hhDL!,23  ..  5+ 4 <DL!5  2PM 0_levsl1  , 8.4 <DL!823  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2MM 0_levsl2  X 5+4 44 <DL!523  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2MM 0_levsl3   5+` ` ` <DL!523  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2JM 0_levsl4   2( <DL!223  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2JM 0_levsl5   2( <DL!223  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2GM 0_levsl6   /% <DL!/23  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2GM 0_levsl7  4 /% <DL!/23  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2DM 0_levsl8  ` ,"< <<DL!,23  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2DM 0_levsl9   ,"h hhDL!,23  Ԁ  5+ 4 <DL!5  2PM 0_levnl1  , 8.4 <DL!823   5+ 4 <DL!5  2MM 0_levnl2  X 5+4 44 <DL!523   5+ 4 <DL!5  2MM 0_levnl3   5+` ` ` <DL!523   5+ 4 <DL!5  2JM 0_levnl4   2( <DL!223   5+ 4 <DL!5  2JM 0_levnl5   2( <DL!223   5+ 4 <DL!5  2GM 0_levnl6   /% <DL!/23   5+ 4 <DL!5  2GM 0_levnl7  4 /% <DL!/23   5+ 4 <DL!5  2DM 0_levnl8  ` ,"< <<DL!,23   5+ 4 <DL!5  2DM 0_levnl9   ,"h hhDL!,23   5+ 4 <DL!5  <:Default ParaXXX.,TOC 1 35;AGMSY_1A.a.i.1.a.i.1.a. i. 35;AGMSY_21.a.i.1.a.i.I.a." i.#|xP(g$..      'X>FXX'XX>FXX'X>FSamsung ML-1430 Series0(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular'X3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a),i)Kr`Wingdings<6X9`(Courier New(\ Y`Symbol(;3$2#  0  .3  0  (O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(#({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(# 12345678s37;?CGKOS-*+x6) 4Heading 1XXX   XXX<\l:documentbodyC> $VerdanaCXXXS\  `&Times New RomanS 35;AGMSY_31.a.i.1.a.i.1.a. $Verdanay01 GHEIJEKELEMUNEOPEZ}1:i+00%U ##''Xd# %g!..      'X>FXX'XX>FXX'X>F  _       D9!Chapter1!MoralIntegrityoftheSport:TheroleoftheCommissionerandtheLaw    (03,""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E2  A  .3   4   PeteRosev.Bart_Giamatti_݌ | Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?2  a  .3     EvidencepresentedthatPeteRosehadgambledonbaseballand b specificallyhadbetontheReds݌ H Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?2  b  .3     CommissioneractedunderArtIofthe_MLB_ԀAgreement݌ . ~ Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?2  i  .3     Righttoinvestigateanyact,transaction,orpracticecharged,  d allegedorsuspectedtobenotinthebestinterestsofthegame݌  J Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!? 2  ii  .3   <   Determine,afterinvestigation,whatpreventive,remedial  0 orpunitiveactioninappropriate ݌    Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?< 2  c  .3     CommissionerbannedRosefrombaseballforlife<  ݌    Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?2  d  .3     Roseappealed݌   Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?2  e  .3     CourtfoundthatRosescontractwiththeRedsmadehimsubjectto x  disciplinebytheCommissioner݌ ^  Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E2  B  .3   4   TheLegalScopeoftheCommissionersAuthority݌ D  Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?2  a  .3     MilwaukeeAm._Assn_Ԁv._Landis_݌ *z  Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?2  i  .3     St.LouisattemptedtoassignoneofitsplayerstoMilwaukeeand ` theCommissionerdeniedit.݌ F Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!92  1  .3   <   Theplayerwouldhavebecomeafreeagent݌ , Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?2  ii  .3   <   TheCommissionerisgivenalmostunlimiteddiscretionin  thedeterminationofwhetherornotacertainstateoffactscreatesa  situationdetrimentaltothegame݌  Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?+2  b  .3     CharlesOFinelyv.BowieKuhn+݌ t Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?2  i  .3     OaklandownerFinleyattemptedtoselltherightstotheir3best Z playersratherthanlosethemlatertofreeagency݌ @ Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?- 2  ii  .3   <   Commissionerrejectedtheassignmentsb/chewas &v concernedthetradewouldcreateacompetitiveimbalance- !݌  \ Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?^"2  iii  .3   <   Absentnarrowexceptions,thewaiverofrecourseclause B containedinthe_MLB_ԀAgreementisvalidandbinding^"A#݌ ( Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9$2  1  .3   <   JustlikeRosetheagreementwaivedtherighttohavethe  decisionreviewedandmadethemsubjectto  Commissionersdecision$~%݌   Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?&2  c  .3     AtlantaBraves&TedTurnerv.BowieKuhn&'݌ p!  Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?(2  i  .3     TedTurnerhadbeencaughttamperingwithplayersundercontract V"! withanotherteam()݌ <#" Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9*2  1  .3   <   AntiTamperingRule*+݌ "$r# Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9,2  a  .3      Rulegivesprotectiontotheplayerandteamthathis %X $ isplayingforfrombeingtamperedwithuntilplayer %>!% isafreeagent,W-݌ &$"& Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.2  ii  .3   <   CommissionersuspendedTurnerfor1yearandtookaway ' #' theBravesdraftpicksforthefollowingyear./݌ (#( Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?02  iii  .3   <   CourtheldCommissionerhadauthoritytosuspendTurner )$) forayearbutitwasbeyondhispowerstotakeawayallthedraft l*%* picks01݌ R+&+  ! X  X!! j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?\32  d  .3     ChicagoCubsv.Vincent\314݌ 8,', Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?52  i  .3     NationalexpandedandCommissionerattemptedtomovetheCubs   totheNationalLeagueWest55݌  Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?B72  ii  .3   <   ArtIauthorityisnotboundlessB7%8݌ | Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!992  1  .3   <   ThelanguageofArtIgivesCommissionerauthorityto b investigateacts,transactions,andpracticesandto H determinetotakepreventive,remedialorpunitive_actiond_99݌ . ~ Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9;2  a  .3      Thislanguagedoesnotencompassrestructuringthe  d divisionsoftheNationalLeague;k<݌  J Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E=2  C  .3   4   ChallengestotheBestInterestsoftheSport=>݌  0 Ќ X! X44X!!   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?}?2  a  .3     MisconductontheField,Court,orIce}?R@݌    Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?HA2  i  .3     _Alomar_ԀCaseHA+B݌    Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9&C2  1  .3   <   _Alomar_Ԁspitinthefaceofabaseballumpire&CC݌   Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9E2  2  .3   <   Immediatelysuspendedfor5daysEE݌ x  Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9F2  a  .3      WaspaidbyownerduringthattimeFG݌ ^  Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?H2  ii  .3   <   _Rodman_HkI݌ D  Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9bJ2  1  .3   <   Kickeda_camara_Ԁmanandsuspendedfor11gamesbJ.K݌ *z  Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9LL2  a  .3      NotpaidduringthattimeLLM݌ ` Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?N2  iii  .3   <   _Sprewell_NN݌ F Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9O2  1  .3   <   ChokedhiscoachOP݌ , Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?Q2  iv  .3   <   _McSorley_QmR݌  Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9fS2  1  .3   <   AttackedaplayerfrombehindwithhisstickfS2T݌  Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!? .U2  v  .3   <   JohnRockerArbitration .UV݌  Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9 W2  1  .3   <   DidRockerscommentsviolatethe_UPC_Ԁparagraph t coveringproperconduct? WW݌ Z Ќ ` ! X<<X!!    " (00  / /""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!9Y2  a  .3   h   Commissioner󀄀Yescommentswereinviolationb/c:YZ݌ @ Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9[2  i  .3      Hiscommentsweremadetosportsillustrated &v whowereclearlyaskingquestionsabouthisjob.[\݌  \ Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9]2  ii  .3      Rockerisreapingthebenefitsofbeinga B playerintheoffseason,soheshouldbeheldto ( theapplicablestandards.]^݌  Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!9&`2  b  .3   h   Rocker/PlayersAssociation!No._UPC_Ԁdidnotapply  tohiscomments.&``݌   Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9Ib2  i  .3      Rockerwasnotundercontractatthetimeofhis p!  intervieworitspublication(offseason).The V"! _UPC_Ԁspecificallyprovidesthattheagreement <#" onlyrunsfromspringtrainingtotheendofthe "$r# WorldSeries.Ib&c݌ %X $ Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!95e2  ii  .3      Commentsarespeech,notconduct.5ef݌ %>!% Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9g2  iii  .3      _UPC_Ԁshouldnotapplyintheoffseason.gg݌ &$"& Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!9i2  c  .3   h   Arbitration!Didntanswertheissue,b/ctheydidnt ' #' haveto.ii݌ (#( Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  4,?" <DL!4X!? k2  2  .3      DidtheCommissionerhavepowertopunishRockervia )$)  TheBestInterestofBaseballpowerreservedbyhim? l*%* Didhehave JustCause?kk݌ R+&+  4$ X<X!$   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!9ym2  a  .3   h   Commissioner!YesymHn݌ 8,', Ќ  $ XhhX!$   _""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9Go2  i  .3      Itwasdeemedhatespeechwhichinsulteda   broadgroupthatcomprisesalargepercentage  ofbaseballplayersandfans.Go$p݌ | Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9q2  ii  .3      UnderminedtheeffortsofMLBtogaina b diversefanbase.q|r݌ H Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9s2  iii  .3      HarmedtheBravesandMLBeconomically.szt݌ . ~ Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9vu2  iv  .3      Raisedsecurityissuesthatwillresultin  d increasedsecurityforRockerandtheBraves  J fromangryfans.vuSv݌  0 Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9w2  v  .3      Damagesrelationsb/wRockerand    teammates/coaches.wx݌    Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9y2  vi  .3      Servedasanegativedistractionfromthe   positivethingstheBravesandBaseballwere x  doinginthecommunitiesyz݌ ^  Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9{2  vii  .3      Promptedthousandsofemailsandlettersto D  theBravesandMLBstatinghowoffendedthey *z  were.{|݌ ` Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!9.~2  b  .3   h   Rocker/PlayersAssociation!No.~~݌ F Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!92  i  .3      Commissionerdoesnthavejustcause.Հ݌ , Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9Ё2  ii  .3      Hedidnthavetheappropriatenoticethathe  couldnotmakeremarks.Ё݌  Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!9݃2  c  .3   h   Arbitrators!Commissionerhadthepower݃݌  Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!92  i  .3      Rockerscommentswereveryhurtfulto t baseballseffortstopromotediversity.݌ Z Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  4,?" <DL!4X!? ɇ2  3  .3      Wasthepunishment Reasonablycommensuratetothe @ offense?ɇ݌ &v Ќ 4$ X<X!$   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!9Љ2  a  .3   h   Commissioner!Punishmentwasreasonablewithinhis  \ rangeofdiscretionЉ݌ B Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9֋2  i  .3      Rockerspunishmentwasmorelenientthan8֋݌ ( Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!92  ii  .3      MargeSchottwassuspendedfrombaseball  foroneyearaftermakingcommentsaboutJews.݌  Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9Ώ2  iii  .3      Severalsteroidoffenderswhoreceived100+   daysuspensions.Ώ݌ p!  Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9Б2  iv  .3      Thelongsuspensiontimeprovidesacooling V"! offperiod.Б݌ <#" Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9̓2  v  .3      Rockeradmittedthathiscommentswere "$r# unacceptable.̓݌ %X $ Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!9ĕ2  b  .3   h   Rocker/PlayersAssociation!Punishmentwastoo %>!% severe.ĕ݌ &$"& Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!92  i  .3      Rockerspunishmentwastwiceaslongasany ' #' nondrugrelatedsuspension.݌ (#( Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9ʙ2  ii  .3      BobKnepper&TedTurnerwerenot )$) punished;commissionerhadsaidtheywere l*%* entitledtotheirownopinions.ʙ݌ R+&+ Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!92  c  .3   h   Arbitrators!Rockeressentiallywinsb/chegot 8,', reducedpunishment.݌ -n(- Ќ  $ XhhX!$   _""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9&2  i  .3      _Knepper_Ԁ10yearsago=differenttimewhen  diversitywasntasimportant.&݌  Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9^2  ii  .3      Turner!canbebalancedoutbybaseballs | punishmentofMarge_Schott_.^;݌ b Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!92  iii  .3      Itstooharmfulforaplayertomissthepre H seasonconditioningofspringtraining.u݌ . ~ Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!92  iv  .3      73daysarealsotoolongforanondrug  d relatedoffense݌  J Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  4,?" <DL!4X!?2  4  .3      _Kesner_Ԁv.LittleCaesars݌  0 Ќ 4$ X<X!$   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!92  a  .3   h   LittleCaesarsownedtheDetroitTigersandRed    Wingsf݌    Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!92  b  .3   h   Flightattendantoncharteredplanesuedforsexual   harassmentU݌ x  Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j  9DL!` ` ` X!9z2  i  .3      Playerswerelookingatpornographyand ^  harassingherontheflightzW݌ D  Ќ  $ XX!$ j  ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!92  c  .3   h   Shewasfiredfromherjobasflightattendantandsued *z  claimingherfiringwasduetothecomplaintsP݌ ` Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!92  d  .3   h   Lostonsummaryjudgmentsuitagainsttheownersof F theTigersandtheindividualplayersk݌ , Ќ  $ XhhX!$   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?   X9h hDL!444X!92  e  .3   h   Factsofthecasearetheimportantpartnotexpectedto  knowtheelementsofasexualharassmentclaimz݌  Ќ  $ XhhX!$     (00" ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?I2  i  .3     GamblingI,݌  Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!92  1  .3   <   _Molinas_Ԁv.NBAз݌ t Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9θ2  a  .3      Playerwhoadmittedtoplacingbetsonhisteamθ݌ Z Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  b  .3      Gamblingistheultimatesininsportsb/citgoesto @ theheartoftheintegrityofthegamee݌ &v Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  c  .3      Hewassuspendedindefinitelyq݌  \ Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9^2  d  .3      Appealedthatsuspensionviolatedantitrust^*݌ B Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9&2  e  .3      Courtheldeveryleaguemusthavesomereasonable ( governingrules,andtheserulesmustnecessarily  includedisciplinaryprovisions&݌  Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  9% <DL!X9  j 3DL!  X!3m2  i  .3      Therewasaruleagainstgamblingandthe   refusaltoreinstateaplayerdoesnotrisetoa p!  violationoftheantitrustlawsm>݌ V"! Ќ ! XX!! j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?2  ii  .3   <   DrugUse݌ <#" Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!9m2  1  .3   <   SteveHowem9݌ "$r# Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  a  .3      Suspended7differenttimesfordruguse݌ %X $ Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  b  .3      Commissionersuspendedhimforlife݌ %>!% Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  c  .3      PlayersAssociationappealedthatCommissioner &$"& didnotproperlyinvestigateb݌ ' #' Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  d  .3      Banwasoverruledbyarbitratorb/cthe (#( Commissionerdidnotdoagoodenoughjob )$) investigatinga݌ l*%* Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!92  2  .3   <   Everyleaguehasadrugpolicy݌ R+&+ Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9s2  a  .3      Usuallyrequiresmandatorytestings?݌ -n(- Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!912  b  .3      Includespunishmentprovisionswhichcaninclude  suspensions1݌  Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  9% <DL!X9  j 3DL!  X!32  i  .3      Theseareallusuallybargainedforinthe | collectivebargainingagreements݌ b Ќ ! XX!! j  " "  49% <DL!X9  h43DDL!<X!3 2  1  .3   D   Thisprotectstheminvasionof H privacyclaimsb/cthetestingispart . ~ oftheircontractandbargainedfor ݌  d Ќ h! XDDX!!   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  X?% <DL!444X!?A2  f  .3     SportsandSocialEthicsA݌  J Ќ ! X  X!!   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?2  i  .3     TreatmentofMinoritiesbySports݌  0 Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!92  1  .3   <   _Dambrot_Ԁv.CentralMichiganUniversity݌    Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  a  .3      Coachusedracialslursinhalftimespeechtoteam    ofmostlyblackplayers  ݌   Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  b  .3      Newsleakedofspeechandprotestsbeganon x  campus݌ ^  Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  c  .3      Coachwasfireddespiteplayerspleasthathe D  remaini݌ *z  Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  d  .3      Coachsuedsayingthefiringviolated1st ` AmendmentrightsQ݌ F Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!9u2  e  .3      CourtusedRothTestuA݌ , Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  9% <DL!X9  j 3DL!  X!3%2  i  .3      Arewordsamatterofpublicconcern%݌  Ќ ! XX!! j  " "  49% <DL!X9  h43DDL!<X!3 2  1  .3   D   Contentdiscrimination ݌  Ќ h! XDDX!!   " "  49% <DL!X9  h43DDL!<X!3 2  2  .3   D   Viewpointdiscrimination V݌  Ќ h! XDDX!!   " "  49% <DL!X9  h43DDL!<X!3 ?2  3  .3   D   Fightingwords ?݌ t Ќ h! XDDX!!   ""  9% <DL!X9  j 3DL!  X!32  ii  .3   D   Courtheldtherewasnomatterof Z publicconcernb/cwordscamefromahalf @ timespeech݌ &v Ќ ! XX!! j  ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  j ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?2  ii  .3   <   TreatmentofWomenbySports݌  \ Ќ ! X  X!! j  ""  <( <DL!X<  ` 9< <DL!  X!92  1  .3   <   _Ludtke_ԀandTimev.Kuhn݌ B Ќ ` ! X<<X!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  a  .3      Womenreportedclaimeddiscriminationb/c ( Yankeeswouldnotallowherinclubhousep݌  Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  b  .3      Stateactionb/cYankeeStadiumownedbythecity  ofNewYorkr݌   Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  <( <DL!X<   9DL!  X!92  c  .3      Wononequalprotectionanddueprocessgrounds_݌ p!  Ќ  ! XX!!   ""  9% <DL!X9  j 3DL!  X!3^2  i  .3      Neededtogetintotheclubhousetogetthe V"! goodstoriesandprotectherlivelihood^/݌ <#" Ќ ! XX!! j  _  SPORTSLAWOUTLINECHAPTER2 "$r#  ,  B.4 <DL!XBCONSTRUCTINGAPLAYERSMARKETFROMCONTRACTTOANTITRUST %>!%       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  (00  ""  ,,K.4 <DL!4X!K  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F 2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn #Disputesaboutplayermovementfromoneteamtoanotherhasbeenthecentral &$"& preoccupationofsportslitigationforoveracentury. Focusonabilityofplayers ' #' tomovefromoneteamtoanother .  ݌ (#( Ќ ,X*4X!44X!*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!4X!K  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn#Historyofthemarket݌ )$) Ќ ,X*4X!44X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #1880s1960sfocuswasonklawandthe reservesystem !limited l*%* baseballplayerstonegotiatingcontractswiththesingleteamthat owned c+&+ theirrights.݌ I,', Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,H+` ` ` <DL!4X!H  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fh2 3     #X>FXX.XnF#PlayersusedtheShermanActtogetaroundthis.he݌ /-(- Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F~2o3     #X>FXX/X \#Byendof1960sfederalantitrustlitigationwaslaunchedagainstreserve  system.~{݌  Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #1980splayersassociationsinbaseball,basketball,hockey,andhockey  hadnegotiatedcollectiveagreementsstatingwhenplayerscouldbecome  freeagents.݌ j Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!4X!K  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>Ft2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn[#TorontoBlueJaysv.BostonCelticsandDannyAingetz݌ P  Ќ ,X*4X!44X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X q#AingewasplayingforBlueJayswhilestillincollege(notallowed 6  anymore)andtheBostonCelticspickedhimupinthebasketballdraft.He - } hadkw/BlueJaysthatprohibitedfromplayingprobasketballandhegot  c considerationin$350,000signingbonus.Heofferedtopayitbackb/che  I  wasgettingmoremoneyw/theCeltics.BlueJaysrejectedexplainingthey  /  wouldholdhimtohisk.݌   Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F^ 2o3     #X>FXX/X F"2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn##PhiladelphiaBallClubv.Lajoie"#݌   Ќ ,X*4X!44X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F$2o3     #X>FXX/X %#Defendantcontractedtoserveplaintiffasbaseballplayerforstipulated n  timeandnotallowedtoplayforanyoneelsebutviolatedthisagreementto e goplayforanotherrivalorganization.Teamwantedan injunction tostop K himfromplayingforanotherteamandthiscourtgrantedit.$%݌ 1 Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F(2o3     #X>FXX/X (#REASONINGTheservicesofthedefendantwereofsuchaunique g character,anddisplayedspecialknowledge,skill,andabilityinthatit ^ rendersthemof peculiarvaluetotheplaintiffandsodifficultof D substitutionthattheirlosswillproduceirreparableinjurytothe * plaintiff .()݌  Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,H+` ` ` <DL!4X!H  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fp+2 3     #X>FXX.XnN,#Becausehewassofamiliarw/theteamandsuchagreatplayer,  thecourtfoundhisserviceswereunique.p+m,݌  Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,H+` ` ` <DL!4X!H  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F-2 3     #X>FXX.Xn.#Hewaspaidlotsofmoneyforthisuniqueskillandproblemwas r therewasntenoughtalenttogoaroundtheleague.-.݌ X Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FD02o3     #X>FXX/X "1#Courtcouldnotorderspecificperformanceandforcehimtoplaybut > couldanddidgrantinjunctionfromplayingforanotherclub.D0A1݌ 5 Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F22o3     #X>FXX/X 3#Courtheldthekwasreasonable,considerationwasfullyadequatefor  k givinguptherightsofshoppingaroundtootherteams,andnosigninthe !b kofunfairnessoroverreaching.23݌ !H  Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fy52o3     #X>FXX/X W6#Usuallyplayersagreeinthestandardplayerskthattheirskillsare unique  ".! sothatiftheybreakthekandareinbadfaith,theclubwillsuffer #%"  irreparableinjury .y5v6݌ $ # Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!4X!K  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F782n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn9#CentralNewYorkBasketball(SyracuseNationals)v.Barnett78=9݌ % $ Ќ ,X*4X!44X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F^:2o3     #X>FXX/X <;#Basketballplayerorallyagreestorenewkw/Nationalsandthen &!% ClevelandPipersfromotherbasketballleaguesignhimtowrittenk.^:[;݌ ~'"& Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,H+` ` ` <DL!4X!H  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F<2 3     #X>FXX.Xn=#NationalsclaimedBarnettstalentandabilitiesasaplayerwere d(#' uniqueandtheysoughtaninjunction.Onesideclaimedhewas J)$( uniqueandspecialandothersideclaimedhewasjustordinary 0*%) player.<=݌ +f&* Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,H+` ` ` <DL!4X!H  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F?2 3     #X>FXX.Xn@#Courtfoundhewasoutstandingplayerw/unusualandexceptional +L'+  skillsandabilitythusofpeculiarvaluetoplaintiff.?@݌ ,2(, Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FCB2o3     #X>FXX/X !C#Courtgrantedinjunctionb/ckdoesntshowanyunreasonableorunfair   actofplaintiffandtheresnoplain,adequateandcompleteremedyatlaw  andinjurytoplaintiffisirreparable.CB@C݌  Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!4X!K  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>FE2n3   4   #X>FXX.XnE#Optionclauseswereviewedasonlybeingallowedtobeexercisedonetime s AFTERtheoriginalkexpiressothatthenextkcouldnothaveanotheroption Y clauseinit.EF݌ ?  Ќ ,X*4X!44X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FG2o3     #X>FXX/X H#Somutualitydefense(claimingthattheclubhadunfairadvantageb/cit % u couldterminatekifitwantedtobutplayercouldnot)usedinabove2  l casesdisappeared.GH݌  R Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F~J2o3     #X>FXX/X \K#Focusbecamethe irreparableinjury claim~J{K݌  8  Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!4X!K  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>FL2n3   4   #X>FXX.XnxM#BostonCelticsv.BrianShawLM݌  /  Ќ ,X*4X!44X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FN2o3     #X>FXX/X wO#Playertriedtochallengearbitratorsdecisionasunlawful.Helosesb/cthe   kwasnegotiatedpursuanttoacollectivebargainingagreementand   further,federallaborlawgivesarbitratorsnotjudgespowertointerpret   thesecontracts.Alsothearbitratorsconstructionofthekisreasonable.   Also,ifhehadrefusedtosigntheterminationletterw/theotherteamb/f n  signingkw/theCeltics,theymayhavepaidhimalotless.NO݌ T Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!4X!H  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FR2o3     #X>FXX/X mS#InjunctionnotallowinghimtoplayforanyotherteambuttheCelticswas : validb/ctheCelticsprovedirreparableharm.Evenifaninjunctionis 1 harmful,theharmtotheCelticsoutweighsit.RS݌ g Ќ ,*4X!  X!*   ,H+ 4 <DL!4X!HDoctrineofUncleanHands M ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>FU2n3   4   #X>FXX.XnV#HoustonOilers,Inc.v.NeelyUV݌ 3 Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FW2o3     #X>FXX/X X#NeelywasbigplayeratOUandwasgoingtobedraftedbytheNFLand  theAFL.TheOilersapproachhimandofferhimktowhichNeelyagrees.  ButheasksthemtokeepitquietsohewillstillbeeligiblefortheBowl  game.Oilersagreeandthenhestartsnegotiationsw/theCowboysand  nevercashestheOilerscheck.TheCowboysinformtheOUteamandhe r isdeclaredineligible.Neelythensignsw/Dallas.Oilersseekan X injunctionnotallowingNeelytoplayforCowboys.WX݌ > Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F\2o3     #X>FXX/X \#Injunctionisgranted butthisistheminorityview !Courtrefusedto $t applythecleanhandsdoctrineinthiscase.\\݌  k Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fj^2o3     #X>FXX/X B_#Mostcourtsheldyoucannotsignplayersillegallyandkeepitquietand !Q thentrytoenforcethekwhenthekitselfwasillegal!j^a_݌ !H  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F`2 3     #X>FXX.Xna# CleanHandsDoctrine ! hewhocomesintoequitymustcome ".! w/cleanhands.Equityshouldnotaidapartywhoseconductin #" relationtolitigationmatterhasbeenunlawful,unconscionable,or $# inequitable.`a݌ % $ Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fc2 3     #X>FXX.Xnd#ThiscourtclaimsOilershadlegalrighttosignNeelyandNeely v&!% hadrighttoforegohiseligibility.Houstonwasntunderlegalduty \'"& topublicizethekorkeepitsecret.cd݌ B(#' Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>Fwf2n3   4   #X>FXX.XnXg#Mostobviousformofuncleanhandsargumentisthatpartyseekinginjunctive ()x$( reliefhasitselfviolatedkeyprovisioninthek.wfwg݌ *^%) Ќ X$ X!44X!$   " "  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>Fh2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xni#CincinnatiBengalsv.Bergeyhi݌ *D&* Ќ X$ X!44X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fj2o3     #X>FXX/X k#WFLstartuptryingtorecruitNFLplayersandgoesafterBengalBergey +*'+  whosekw/Bengalswasupin1975.WFLsignshimfor1976seasonand ,!(, nowBengalssueclaimingWFLfutureserviceagreementunderminedand  interferedw/Bengalsrightsunderexistingkw/Bergey.jk݌   $ X!  X!$   " "  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fn2 3     #X>FXX.Xnn#Bengalsclaimhewouldnotplayashardb/chewouldbeworried | aboutgettinginjuredandruininghiskw/theWFL.no݌ b Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F{p2o3     #X>FXX/X Sq#Courtheld notillegalforeithertheplayerorthesportsorganization, H atthetimewhentheplayerisunderavalidktooneteam,tonegotiate ?  andenterintoakw/adifferent,competingteamandleague,under % u thetermsofwhichtheplayeragreestorenderhisservicesatthe  [ expirationofhiscurrentk .{prq݌  A Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fs2o3     #X>FXX/X t#Bengalsdidnotproveirreparableinjuryjustb/ctheywillbeforcedtopay  '  theirplayersmoretokeepthemfromgoingtotheWFL.Itisabout    competitionandchoosingtopayhighercostsforbettertalent.Thisis   competition,notunfaircompetition.st݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fv2o3     #X>FXX/X w#NOTE:collectiveagreementsusuallydonotallowplayersandteamsto   enterintonegotiationsuntilpriorkhasexpiredorwhenfreeagency w  beginsonaspecifieddate.vw݌ ]  Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>Fy2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xnyz#Differingviewsonplayersks.yz݌ C Ќ X$ X!44X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F{2o3     #X>FXX/X r|#Viewfromteams!ksarepersonalpromisesthatcreatemoralobligations )y andentitlementsandareworthyofasmuchlegalteethaslawcansensibly  p provide.Socourtsshouldhavenoproblemsgrantinginjunctions.{|݌ V Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fu~2o3     #X>FXX/X M#Viewfromplayers!ksareeconomicinstrumentsforwhoseenforcement < lawshouldbedeployedonlytoextentsuchjudicialinterventionproduces 3 anefficientallocationofsocietiesresources.Playersshouldbeableto  breakinitialcommitmenttooneteamaslongasheswillingtopaythat  teamforitsfinanciallosses.Assumptionthereisplayerwillonlybreach  whenitissociallyefficienttodoso.u~l݌ { Ќ $ X!  X!$   ReserveSystemandRestraintofTrade a " "  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xnk#Baseballsreservesystemstarteditall.݌ G Ќ X$ X!44X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X o#Eachteaminaleagueentitledtolistcertainnumberofplayersw/whomit -} hadakrelationshipandtowhichtheteamclaimedexclusiverights.݌ $t Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #Allotherteamsagreedtorespecttheserightsinthereservelistsandnotto  Z tamperw/anotherteamsplayersbyinducingthemtomove. ݌ !Q Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X c#Teamsallagreedtosignplayerstostandardformkwhichincludedoption !7  torenewforanotherseasonw/sameprovisions.݌ ".! Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X nj#Settingupadraftalongw/minorleagueteamsandcollegeplayers.݌ #" Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F 2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn#Rulenowiswhenplayerscandeclarefreeagencyandgotoanotherteam,there $ # arecertaindateswhentheyreallowedtomarketthemselvesandnotbefore!  ݌ % $ Ќ X$ X!44X!$   " "  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn{#AmericanLeagueBaseballClubofChicagov.Chase(1914)݌ &!% Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #ShermanAntiTrustAct݌ m'"& Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xnw#Meanttoprotecttradeandcommerceagainstunlawfulrestraints d(#' andmonopolies.݌ J)$( Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fݖ2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#Courtsaysbaseballdoesntaffectinterstatetradeorcommerceso 0*%) noviolationhere.ݖԗ݌ +f&* Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F#2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#Requirements:#݌ +L'+ Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>F 2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(ٛ#Mustbeak,combinationorconspiracy ݌ ,2(, Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>F2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(ѝ#Thatmusthaveproducedarestraintoftrade݌ -')- Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>F2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(Ο#ANDrestraintmustaffecttradeandcommerceamongthe  severalstates(ThisiswherebaseballlostinFloodcase).݌  Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FV2o3     #X>FXX/X .#Ifbaseballplayerwantstoearnaliving,andmakealotofmoney,they  havetobewillingtogiveupandsubmittodominionoverhispersonal  freedomandcontrolofhisservicesbysale,transfer,orexchange without h hisconsentorhecanabandonhisvocationandseekanotherjob .VM݌ N  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xnk#Floodv.Kuhn!SCOTUS1972 Thorntonsayscaseishuge!biggestinbook! ݌ 4  Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FŦ2o3     #X>FXX/X #St.LouisCardinalsplayerFloodistradedtoPhiladelphiaPhilliesand  j doesntwanttogo.Hedeclareshimselfafreeagentandfiledsuitto  a establishthoserightsunderfederalandstateantitrustlaws.Ŧ݌  G  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X m#CourtrecognizesFederalBaseballClubv.NationalLeague259U.S.200  -  (1922)wherecourtsaidthefacttheycrossstatelinestoplaybaseball! $   thetransportisa mereincident and nottheessentialthingsoitisnot   tradeorinterstatecommerce .Saidbaseballwasastateaffairandmust   inducefreepersonstocrossstatelinesinordertoplaythegames.݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FG2o3     #X>FXX/X #Courtnotedreserveclauseofbaseball,whennotinplace,providedfor l  chaoticconditions.Courtsaysdevelopmentofbaseballhasdependedon c theFederalBaseballClubrulingandifbaseballistobesubjecttoanti I trustlaws,itisuptoCongresstolegislatethatrule.G>݌ / Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fk2o3     #X>FXX/X C# 4reasonsbaseballnotsubjecttoantitrust (Toolson)kb݌ e Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xn\#1.congressionalawarenessfor3decadesofcourtsrulingin  \ FederalBaseballcase.{݌ B Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fɴ2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#2.factbaseballwasleftalonetodevelopforthatperiodupon ( understandingreservesystemnotsubjecttofederalantitrustlaws.ɴ݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F;2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#3.reluctancetooverruleFederalBaseballw/consequent  retroactiveeffect.;2݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fu2 3     #X>FXX.XnM#4.professeddesirethatanyneededremedybeprovidedby p legislationratherthanbycourtdecree.ul݌ V Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FŻ2o3     #X>FXX/X # Businessofprovidingpublicbaseballgamesforprofitb/wclubsof < professionalbaseballplayerswasnotw/inscopeofthefederal 3 antitrustlaws .Ż݌  i Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F]2o3     #X>FXX/X 5# SCOTUSreasonsthatcongresshas/hadnointentiontoinclude  O baseballw/inthescopeofthefederalantitrustlaws .]T݌ !F  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #Federalbaseballdidnotholdallbusinessesbasedonprofessionalsports ",! asoutsidethescopeofantitrustlaws.݌ ##" Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F%2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#Boxingwasheldtobesubjecttofederalantitrust(UnitedStatesv. $ # IntlBoxingClub)%݌ % $ Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Ft2 3     #X>FXX.XnL# Footballisalsosubjecttoantitrustlaws (Radovichv.NFL)and &!% SCOTUSsayswhileinconsistentw/FederalBaseballifitwere k'"& decidingthebaseballcaseforthefirsttimelikeitisdoingw/ Q(#' footballitwouldfindbaseballwassubjecttoantitrustlaws.While 7)$( itistoolateforbaseball,itisnottoolatetoholdfootball *m%) accountable.tk݌ +S&* Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xn# Basketballisalsosubjecttoantitrustlaws (Haywoodv.NBA)݌ +9'+ Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F:2o3     #X>FXX/X #Petitionersclaimthatbaseballwasviolatingstateantitrustclaimsbut ,(, SCOTUSexplainedthestateclaimswouldconflictw/federalpolicyand -)- burdenoninterstatecommerceoutweighsstatesinterestsinregulating  baseballreservesystemsocommerceclauseprecludesstateantitrust  claims.:1݌ | Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X `#MainreasonforaffirmingFloodisstaredecisisandthefactitisprecedent b forbaseballbutnotforanyoneelse.݌ Y Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #Courtdidlimittheholdingtojustthiscircumstanceofthereserveclause ?  andacknowledgedbaseballdoesparticipateininterstatecommerce.݌ 6  Ќ $ X!  X!$   " "  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>Fe2n3   4   #X>FXX.XnF#PiazzaandTirendiv.MajorLeagueBaseballee݌  l Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fp2o3     #X>FXX/X H#Baseballtriedtoclaimexemptionfromantitrustinthiscasebutjudge  R notesSCOTUSsholdinginFloodaslimitingittothereservesystem.So  I  here,whendealingw/movingabaseballteamtoadifferentstate,  /  summarydismissalforbaseballwasnotproper.pg݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xno#NFLCollectiveBargainingAgreement݌   Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X i#Enteredintoin1993andnowmostsuccessfulagreementb/wplayersand   teams.݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn#WedidnotdoPiazzacasepg.160!isthissomethingweneedtoknowforthe n  testornot?NOonehasbeenassignedpg.185215andclarettcase݌ T Ќ X$ X!44X!$   NUTSHELLpg.5266 : ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>Fw2n3   4   #X>FXX.XnX#ShermanAntiTrustAct15USCA1ww݌  p Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F|2o3     #X>FXX/X T#Goaloftheantitrustactistostopmonopoliesandprotectfair V competition.|s݌ M Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #Usedbymanyplaintiffsinsportscasestoachievesomeresultatthe 3 expenseofmanagement!betterwages,conditions,newlocationorless * control.݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FL2o3     #X>FXX/X $#2waystointerpretanantitrustcontroversy:LC݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>FQ2 3     #X>FXX.Xn)#1.Perseviolation!usedinovertantitrustviolations.Sportscases  heredealw/groupboycottsandconcertedrefusalstodeal.QH݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>F2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(#Concertedrefusaltodeal!agreementbytwoormore i personseithernottodobusinesswithotherpersonsorto ^ dobusinesswiththemonlyonparticularterms.݌ D Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>F`2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(/#Groupboycotts!refusalstodealorinducementstoothers * z nottodealortohavebusinessrelations(Mackeyv.NFL).`N݌ !o Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?   9DL!  X!9/X XXX>F2o3      #X>FXX/X #MackeyCase!trialcourtanalyzedthelegalityof "U  theRozelleRule(allowingcommissionertorequire "L! clubacquiringfreeagenttocompensateplayers #2" formerclubinformofmoney,playersand/ordraft $ # picks).Courtheldit significantlydeterred clubs % $ fromnegotiatingandsigningfreeagents.Courtsaid &!% itwasagroupboycottandconcertedrefusaltodeal z'"& thusaperseviolation. Courtof Appeals saidcourt `(#' hadtolookatreasonsbehindtheruleandusedthe F)$(  ruleofreasonanalysis .݌ ,*|%) Ќ  $ X!X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?   9DL!  X!9/X XXX>FK2o3      #X>FXX/X #Ideawasperseusuallyusedbetweenbusiness +b&* competitorsintraditionalsenseandsportsteams  ,Y'+ combinebothcompetition(onthefieldcompetition ,?(, andsigningthebestathletes) and cooperation(TV -%)- Ksandrevenuesharing).NFLissomewhatofjoint  venturebecausenoclubwantstodriveanotherout  ofbusinessb/cifleaguedoesntsurvive,noone | teamcansurvive.K9݌ b Ќ  $ X!X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F&2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#2.RuleofReason!(usuallyoneutilizedinsportscases).Focuses H iswhetherrestraintasimposedisjustifiedbylegitimatepurposes . ~ anditisnomorerestrictivethannecessary.Isitreasonableunder  d allofthecircumstances?&݌  J Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F%2o3     #X>FXX/X #AttacksunderSherman%݌  0 Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#NBAsalarycapattackedbutfoundtobelegal݌  '  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#NCAAviolatedantitrustlawbyrestrictingcollegefootball   broadcasts.݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>FN2 3     #X>FXX.Xn&#NFLviolatedantitrustbyrestrictingfranchisemovement(mostof   NFLrulesprotectednowbycollectivebargainingwhichprovides o  exemption).NE݌ U  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn#Exemptions!thingsthatappeartoviolateShermanonitsfacebutareexempt݌ ;  Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F 2o3     #X>FXX/X #HYPO!underpaidproathleteclaimsleaguerulesfinancially !q disadvantagehimb/checantachievefreeagentstatusandtestthe h market.Exemptionusedbymanagementisnonstatutorylaborexemption N protectingagreementsthatareproduceof goodfaithunionmanagement 4 negotiation . ݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FZ 2o3     #X>FXX/X 2 #ProfessionalBaseballZ Q ݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>FF 2 3     #X>FXX.Xn #1922!JusticeHolmesdeclaresprofessionalbaseballnota  businessthatinvolvedinterstatecommerce(FederalBaseballClub  ofBaltimorev.NationalLeagueofProfessionalBallClubs).F = ݌ s Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F 2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#1953!FederalBaseballaffirmed(Toolsonv.NewYorkYankees) Y andagainin1972(Floodv.Kuhn). ݌ ? Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fn2 3     #X>FXX.XnF#1993!Redefinedexemptiontoapply solelytobaseballsreserve %u system (Piazzav.MajorLeagueBaseball).Casehaslimited  [ precedentialmerit(fromEasternDistrictofPennsylvania)b/c A dealtw/attempttopurchaseandmoveSanFranciscoGiants.ne݌ ' Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xnd#1957!refusedtoextendexemptiontofootballholdingitwas   governedbyantitrust.݌ !  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #LaborExemption!݌ "! Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#Thisis statutorylaborexemptionfrom(ClaytonAct)where #" unionsareallowedtoenterintoagreementsinterse,whichmight f$# eliminatecompetitionfromotherunionsandcreatemonopoliesof L% $ allunionorganizationalactivities. Businessescannotclaimthis 2&!% privilege .݌ 'h"& Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #NFLExemption݌ 'N#' Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#NFLandTVnetworksareallowedtopoolandsellunitaryvideo (E$( package.݌ )+%) Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F 2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#Areallowedtoblackoutnonlocalgamestelecastedintohome *&* territorywhenhometeamisplaying(notwhenyougotNFL +&+ Sundayticketbaby!)  ݌ ,', Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F!2 3     #X>FXX.Xn"#Permitsblackoutsforhomegamesifnotsoldout!"݌ s-(- Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F#2o3     #X>FXX/X $#Nonstatutorylaborexemption! veryimportant #$݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F%2 3     #X>FXX.Xn&# Anyunionmanagementagreementthatwasaproductofgood  faithnegotiationwillreceiveprotectionfromantitrustlaws .%&݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>F4(2 3   <   #X>FXX0X()#Goallaudablebutnowusedbymanagementasmeansof s legitimatingcertainagreementsclearlyforcedonaweak h union.4(")݌ N  Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F*2 3     #X>FXX.Xny+#Basedonpolicyfavoringcollectivebargaininggivingitpreference 4  overantitrustlaws.*+݌  j Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F,2 3     #X>FXX.Xn-#Exemptionapplieswhererestraintsontradeprimarilyaffectonly  P partiestothecollectivebargainingagreement,whererestraint  6  concernsmandatorysubjectofcollectivebargaining,andwhere    agreementthatssoughttobeexemptedisaproductofbonafide   armslengthtransaction(Mackey1976).,-݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>FB02 3   <   #X>FXX0X(1#EventhoughRozelleruledidntdealdirectlyonitsfacew/ ~  wages/hours/conditionsofemployment,ruledidrestrict s  playersabilitytomovefromoneteamtoanother,thus Y  depressingsalariessocourtheldruleconstitutedmandatory ? subjectofcollectivebargaining.B001݌ %u Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>Ft32 3   <   #X>FXX0X(C4#HoweverthecourtoverruledMackeyholdingitdidnt  [ qualifyforexemptionfromantitrustb/c:t3b4݌ P Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?   9DL!  X!9/X XXX>F52o3      #X>FXX/X 6#Nobonafidearmslengthbargainingovertherule56݌ 6 Ќ  $ X!X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?   9DL!  X!9/X XXX>F72o3      #X>FXX/X 8#RozelleRuleimposedsignificantrestraintson - playermobility78݌ $ Ќ  $ X!X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?   9DL!  X!9/X XXX>F92o3      #X>FXX/X :#Ruleunchangedsinceitwaspromulgatedin19639:݌   Ќ  $ X!X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?   9DL!  X!9/X XXX>F;2o3      #X>FXX/X <#Nosuggestionplayersreceivedbenefitsfromthe  rule;<݌  Ќ  $ X!X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F=2 3     #X>FXX.Xn>#Actionbyprofessionalhockeyleagueplayerchallengingreserve  system(McCourtv.CaliforniaSports,Inc.)wasstoppedb/citmet t exemption.=>݌ Z Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>F@2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(XA#Courtappliedexemptionb/cissuewasincorporatedinto @ thecollectivebargainingagreementasaresultofgood 5  faitharmslengthbargaining.Courtheldgoodfaithexisted !k  eventhoughoneofthepartiesdidntyieldonitsinitial "Q  bargainingposition .@wA݌ "7! Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?   9DL!  X!9/X XXX>FC2o3      #X>FXX/X D#Courtsaidfactonepartyspositiononamandatory #" subjectprevailedunchangeddoesntmeanthere $ # wasnobargainingovertheissue.Failuretosucceed % $ doesntequalfailuretonegotiate.CD݌ &!% Ќ  $ X!X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>FF2 3     #X>FXX.Xn^G#Expandingtheexemption!evenafterpartiesreachedimpasse v'"& afterCBAexpirescourtstillappliedtheexemption(Powellv. \(#' NFL).F}G݌ B)$( Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>FI2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(I#Courtexaminingfreeagentanddraftproceduresholding (*x%) theyreprotectedbynonstatutorylaborexemptioneven +m&* thoughtheyreactivelyopposedbyunionandits ,S'+  constituents.IJ݌ ,9(, Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   _""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>FK2 3     #X>FXX.XnL#Goodfaithcollectivebargaining!rulelimitingsalaryaparticular   playercouldgetfromtheclubandagreedtobylaborand  managementandputin_CBA_Ԁ(Woodv.NBA).KL݌ | Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>FN2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(O#Heldplayercameunderagreementeventhoughasarookie b heonlyenteredthebargainingunit after agreementwas W negotiated.NO݌ =  Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ?( <DL!X!?  ` 9< <DL!  X!90X(XXX>FDQ2 3   <   #X>FXX0X(R#Exemptionapplicableb/cbothpartiesagreedandinvolved # s mandatorysubjectsofbargainingandresultofbonafide  h armslengthnegotiation.DQ2R݌  N Ќ ` $ X!<<X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>FS2n3   4   #X>FXX.XnT#PlayerRestraintsST݌  4  Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>FU2o3     #X>FXX/X V#Theselimitplayersabilitytonegotiatebestdollarfromhighestbidderso    claimisitrestrictscommerce.UV݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>FX2 3     #X>FXX.XnX#NFLfootballdraftwasoriginallyheldtoviolateantitrustlawsb/c   ithadseverely_anticompetitive_Ԁimpactonmarketforplayers   services and restraintwasnotreasonablynecessarytoaccomplish s  anylegitimatebusinesspurpose(Smithv.ProFootballInc.).It Y  washeldtobe _anticompetitive_ in both purposeandeffect .But ? wasmodifiedthrough_CBA_Ԁsonolongerconsideredantitrust %u violations.XY݌  [ Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>Ft\2n3   4   #X>FXX.XnU]#FranchiseMovementt\t]݌ A Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Ff^2o3     #X>FXX/X >_#Regulatedbyleagueregulationsf^]_݌ ' Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F\`2o3     #X>FXX/X 4a#Teambroughtsuitagainstleaguewhenitwantedtorelocateandwas  denied(SanFranciscoSeals,Ltd.v.NHL).\`Sa݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fb2 3     #X>FXX.Xnc#Courtheldteamnotcompetingeconomicallyw/leagueandother  teamssoleaguesrelocationrulesdidntrestraintradew/in  relevantmarket. Nostanding eitherunderShermanb/cindividual w teamwasntwithintargetareaw/respecttoclaimedconspiracy.bc݌ ] Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fe2o3     #X>FXX/X f#RulerequiringofallNFLteamsapprovingfranchiserelocationofone C teamintoanotherteams hometerritoryviolatedantitrustlawb/cNFL : wasnota singleentity andregulationwasunreasonablerestraintontrade  p (LosAngelesMemorialColiseumCommissionv.NFL).ef݌  V Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fi2 3     #X>FXX.Xni#IfNFLNOTasingleentity!couldbeheldliableunderruleof  < reasonanalysisforunreasonablyrestrainingtrade(Oakland !"  RaiderswantedtogotoLosAngeles).ij݌ "! Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fk2 3     #X>FXX.Xnl#IfNFLissingleentity!wouldbeimmunefromsuitsagainstitby #" individualteams.Reasoningifleaguesingleentityitislogically $# andlegallyunabletoconspirew/itselftorestraintrade.kl݌ j% $ Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fn2 3     #X>FXX.Xn^o#HELD!notsingleentityb/ceachteamhadseparateidentity P&!% independentfromleague,teamscompetedforrevenueand 6'"& personnel,andeachteamindependentlyownedandoperated. (l#' Here,notsingleentityandleaguesimply groupofindividual )R$( competitorswhosejointvotesonleaguematterscould )8%) constituteanillegalgroupboycott .n}o݌ *&* Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>Fr2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xnr#Leaguev.League!remember_Radovich_heldNFLnotexemptfromantitrustrs݌ +'+ Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>Fmt2o3     #X>FXX/X Eu#AFLsuedNFLongroundsclaimingithadmonopolyonallbestmarkets. ,', (AFLv.NFL󀄀1963).Courtheldleaguedidnthavepowertomonopolize -(- relevantmarketandnoconspiracytodoso. Anymonopolywasanatural  monopoly .mtdu݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fsw2 3     #X>FXX.XnKx#Naturalmonopolydoesntviolateantitrustlawsunlessitisusedto | gaincompetitiveadvantage.swjx݌ b Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>Fy2 3     #X>FXX.Xnz#Firstleaguenotrequiredtosurrenderanyofitsadvantageoussites H tosecondleaguejusttoenablethemchancetocompete.yz݌ . ~ Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F/|2 3     #X>FXX.Xn}#Mustacquirenaturalmonopolybymeanswhichare neither  d exclusionary,unfair,norpredatory ./|&}݌  J Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>F~2 3     #X>FXX.XnX#_USFL_Ԁwon$3.00intrebledamages,andattorneyfeesbutisnow  0 defunct(_USFL_Ԁv.NFL󀄀1986).CourtheldNFLssuperiorityin    biddingwardueto_USFL_ԀspoormanagementandNFLsnatural    superiorityandnotentirelyresultofillegalantitrustviolations.~w݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,E(4 4 <DL!4X!E.XnXXX>F2n3   4   #X>FXX.Xn#TVPackaging݌ x  Ќ X$ X!44X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X Ȅ#NCAAsplanofpackagingbroadcastsunlawfulunderruleofreason ^  analysisb/citgavecontrolofwhatgamestoairtoschoolsw/ofootball U  teamsorwhowouldntbeaffectedbyrestrictions(NCAAv.Boardof ;  Regents).Itwasunreasonablerestraintontradeb/citrestrictedtotal !q numberofgamesaschoolcouldteleviseanddidntallowschoolstosell W theirrightsexceptinaccordancew/NCAAstipulations.݌ = Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?" <DL!` ` ` X!?.XnXXX>FӇ2 3     #X>FXX.Xn#NCAAwasrestrictingthetradeofthebiggerschools.Ӈʈ݌ # Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #Thiscaseallowednetworkschancetonegotiatefreelyw/majorschools.ڊ݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   B+ 4 <DL!X!B_Chapter3    (00  ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(` ` <DL!4X!E2  A  .3   `   Brownv.NFL1RuleofReasonAnalysisforleaguerestrictionof1,000Kto | practicesquadplayers.PlayersargruleviolatedShermanAntib/climited b abilityofplayerstomarkettheirtalentstootherteams,limitedbargaining H power,andabilitytoobtainhighestsalarypossible.NFLargsneedrestraint .~ tomaintaincompetitivebalancewithintheleague.Ifallowteamstopaybig d moneythenallthewealthy,bigmarketteamswillbecomedominant.݌ J Ќ ' X!` ` X!'   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?2  1  .3     TestRuleofReasonTestWhethertherestraintoncompetitionimposed 0 isjustifiedbylegitimatebusinessconcernsandisnomorerestrictivethan  necessary.݌   Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?U2  2  .3     HoldingLimitingpracticesquadsalariesdoesnothingtoincrease !  competitionandlacksanyprocompetitiveeffect.Salarylimitationis x"! invalid.U-݌ ^#" Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?2  3  .3     Pricefixingrestraintsaresubjecttoantitrustlaws.݌ D$# Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(` ` <DL!4X!E2  B  .3   `   Mackeyv.NFL1NFLplayerschallengedtheRozellerule.Rozellerule *%z $ stipulatedthatwhenaplayercompletedhiscontractforateamhebecamea &`!% freeagentbutifhesignedwithadifferentclub,thenewclubhadtoprovide &F"& theoldclubwithreasonablecompensationforthelostplayer(generallyinthe ',#' formofdraftpicksorotherplayers).Freeagentplayerschallengedrule ($( claimingthattherulehurttheirbargainingposition,preventedthemfrom )$) seekingthehighestsalaryfortheirtalent,theruledeterredclubsfromsigning *%* freeagents,andtherewouldbeamorecompetitivebalancewithouttherule. t+&+ NFLargthattherulewasnecessarytomaintainthecompetitivebalanceof Z,', theleagueb/cw/outruleallthebigmoneyclubswouldtakeallthebest @-(- players.Thisinturnwouldleadtodecreasedcompetitionleadingto  decreasedfaninterestandwouldultimatelyhaveanegativeeffectonthe  entireleague.݌ | Ќ ' X!` ` X!'   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?2  1  .3     Testtwofoldɞ݌ b Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?"z z <DL!` ` ` X!?2  a  .3   z   PerSeCourtholdsaperseruleofantieffectsisnotappropriate H totheNFLb/ctheNFLisajointventureandperseisreserved . ~ forsituationswherecompetingcompaniesjointogetherto  d dominatethemarket݌  J Ќ ' X!z z <X!'   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?"z z <DL!` ` ` X!?h2  b  .3   z   RuleofReasonTestSeeAbove.h@݌  0 Ќ ' X!z z <X!'   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?52  2  .3     Holdingtheruleisinvalidb/citismorerestrictivethannecessaryinlight    oftheinsubstantialeffectfreeagencywouldhaveoncompetition.The    restraintisnotjustifiedb/ctheresultoffreeagencywouldnotbeoverly   detrimentaltotheNFL.5 ݌ x  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(` ` <DL!4X!E2  C  .3   `   Mackeyv.NFL2LaborExemptionsBasicideaisifemployeesare ^  unionizedandhaveagreedtotermsunderacollectivebargainingagreement, D  thosetermscannotbechallengedasviolativeofantitrustlaw.Therefore,isa *z  collectivebargainingagreementisinplaceneitherpartymaychallengethe ` termsoftheagreement,itisexempt.Thefederalexemptionpreempts F antitrustlaw.݌ , Ќ ' X!` ` X!'   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?2  1  .3     Bothemployeesandemployersaresubjecttothelaborexemption.݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?2  2  .3     Toqualifyasexempttheagreementmustmeet3criteria݌  Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?"z z <DL!` ` ` X!?2  a  .3   z   Thelaborpolicyfavoringcollectivebargainingcanpreempt  antitrustlawswheretherestraintontradeprimarilyonlyeffects t thepartiestothecollectivebargainingrelationship.d݌ Z Ќ ' X!z z <X!'   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?"z z <DL!` ` ` X!?2  b  .3   z   Thesoughttobeexemptedconcernsamandatorysubjectof @ collectivebargaining.(beingwages,hours,andworking &v conditions).݌  \ Ќ ' X!z z <X!'   ""  B+` ` ` <DL!X!B  ?"z z <DL!` ` ` X!?k2  c  .3   z   Theagreementsoughttobeexemptedistheproductofabona B fidearmslengthnegotiationorbargainingabouttherulesought ( tobeexempted.kC݌  Ќ ' X!z z <X!'   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?ε2  3  .3     CrtholdsRozelleruleprimarilyeffectsonlyNFLplayersandowners,it  dealswithwagesasevidencedbythefacttheruleseekstolimitplayer   movementandsuppresswages.Astothethirdprong,thecourtfoundit p!  wasnottheproductofarmslengthandactualnegotiationb/ctherulewas V"! promulgatedbytheNFLpriortotheplayersunionformingandwas <#" essentiallyimposedontheunionduringtheirearlydayswhentheylacked "$r# theabilitytoeffectivelynegotiateterms.Therefore,ruledidnotmeethe %X $ laborexemptionandissubjecttoantitrustlaw.ε݌ %>!% Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?32  4  .3     Currently,theNFLandplayersassochasrenegotiatedanewagreement &$"& whichincludesfreeagentrestraintsbutitisthoughttofallunderthe ' #' exceptionnowb/cofthesubstanceofthenegotiationssurroundingthe (#( agreement.3 ݌ )$) Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(` ` <DL!4X!E2  D  .3   `   Playersareboundbythelaborexemptionjustasareemployers.Thisistrue l*%* evenwhereindividualplayersdonotagreewiththetermsendorsedbythe R+&+ unions.Oncetheunionsdesignateanexclusiverepresentative(mandatoryto 8,', becertifiedasaunionunderNLRB),individualplayersmaynotnegotiate -n(- withmgmtw/outunionapprovalandantitrustclaims,againstunionsormgmt,  willbesubjecttothelaborexemption.݌  Ќ ' X!` ` X!'   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(` ` <DL!4X!E2  E  .3   `   Thetermsofacollectivebargainingagreementsurvivetheexpirationofthe | agreementitselfandremainineffectuntilanewagreementisreached. b Therefore,thefreeagentrestraintremainedvalidpasttheexpirationofthe H agreementinplace.Playersassocthenclaimedtheywerenolongeraunion . ~ andfiledsuitagainchallengingfreeagencyunderthetheorytheexemptionno  d longerappliedb/cnolongeraunioninplace.Partiessettledandplayers  J reunionized.݌  0 Ќ ' X!` ` X!'   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(` ` <DL!4X!E2  F  .3   `   Brownv.NFL2Playersassocagainchallengingpracticesquadsalaries.    Implicitinthedecisionwasofwhethertermsofagreementremainedineffect    attheexpirationoftheagreementandifsowhenwouldtheyexpire.In   addition,crtdealtwithwhetherownerscouldagreeamongstthemselvesto x  implementtheirlastbestoffertotheuniondespiteunionobjectiononce ^  negotiationshadhitanimpasse.݌ D  Ќ ' X!` ` X!'   ""  XB+4 44 <DL!X!B  X?% <DL!444X!?2  1  .3     Crtholdsemployersmayimplementchangestopreexistingconditions *z  afterimpassesolongastheyarereasonablycomprehended(meaning ` closetoorapproximating)tothelastoffertheemployermadeleadingto F impasseunderthelaborexemption.Crtsrationaleisthatsubjecting , employeractionstoantitrustherewouldgreatlylimittheabilityof  employerstonegotiatewithunionsatall.Therefore,thelaborexemption  appliestonewtermsimplementedbyownersafterimpassewiththe  unionsuntilanewagreementisreached.Employersmayalso collude t orworktogetherduringmultiemployerbargainingtofacilitatethe Z bargainingprocess.Crtreasonedthatifemployerscouldnotwork @ togetherduringbargainingb/cofantitrustthennoeffectivebargaining &v couldbeachieved.r݌  \ Ќ $ X!  X!$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E   ,E(` ` <DL!4X!E:2  G  .3   `   BaseballUnrestBaseballisnotsubjecttoantitrustlaw.Withincollective B bargainingagreementisaclausethatplayerswillnotactinconcertand ( neitherwillownersinutilizingornotutilizingrightsundertheagreement.As  salariessoaredinthe80sownersagreedtosuppresssalariesbyrefusingto  signotherteamsfreeagents.Theideawastoforceplayerstosignw/their   oldteamatreducedsalaries.Theconcertedactivityclearlyviolatedthe p!  agreementandplayersfiledgrievancesw/arbitrator.Eventually,owners V"! settledclaimsfor280millionfortheircollusivebehaviorinsuppressing <#" salariesforaperiodof5yrs.:)݌ "$r# Ќ ' X!` ` X!'    4   %X $  ,E.4 <DL!X!E ,H+ 4 <DL!4X!H Chapter4:LaborLawandCollectiveBargaining &$"&   , Intro (#(   (00  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H2  a  .3   4   Whetherthroughworkstoppagesorpeacefulcollectivebargaining,sports )$) unionismhastransformedtherulesofthegamefordealingwithindividual l*%* playersandteams.݌ R+&+  X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H2  b  .3   4   Unionismfirstcametothesportsworldinthe1960s|݌ 8,', Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H2  c  .3   4   Fromthe70sto90s,amajorpreoccupationoftheplayersassocs.,except   baseball,washowtoutilizeantitrustlawtoremovethecollectiverestraintsthat  ownershadhistoricallyplacedontheplayersmarket.Beforeandafterthese | antitrusteffortstookplaceinthecourtsandCongress,eachunionestablished b collectiveallegianceamongitsplayersmembersandengagedindirect H negotiationswiththeownersallundertheumbrellaoftheNationalLabor . ~ RelationsAc.j݌  d Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H2  d  .3   4   AfterBrown,ifplayerswishtousetheNLRAforcollectivebargaining,they  J mustforfeittheirrightstousetheShermanActtochallengecollectiveselfhelp  0 bytheowners.݌    Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H(2  e  .3   4   NLRAwasenactedin1935astheWagnerActandwasrevisedbytheTaft    HartleyActof1947.(݌   Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#HQ2  f  .3   4   NLRAgivesemployeestherightstoorganizeunions,engageincollective x  bargainingwiththeiremployer,andgoonstrikeandtakeotherconcertedactions ^  fortheirmutualaidandprotection.Q8݌ D  Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H2  g  .3   4   Theserightsareprotectedbyprovisionsthatprohibittheemployerorunionfrom *z  interferenceorintimidation.݌ ` Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H32  h  .3   4   TheprimaryresponsibilityoftheNLRAistoprotectbothemployeerightsand F preservealegitimatesphereofactionsforemployersandunions.The , responsibilityisgiventotheNLRBandtheirdecisionsaresubjecttoreviewby  thefederalappellatecourts.3݌  Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  , , FreeAgencyViaLaborArbitration t  , / /""  ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H2  a  .3   4   Underthestatutoryframeworkforlaborlaw,onceacollectiveagreementhas @ beenreached,thestandardmechanismforadministeringtheagreementisprivate &v arbitrationnotpubliclitigation.݌  \ Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ""  ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#Hf2  b  .3   4   Traditionallyinsports,theroleofthearbitratorwasperformedbythe B commissionerunderboththeuniformplayercontractandleaguerules.However, ( intheearlyagreementsnegotiatedbyplayersassoc.thecommissionerwas  replacedbyanindependentarbitrator.fM݌  Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ""  ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#He2  c  .3   4   Thearbitratoristhepersonwhowouldfinallyresolvegrievancesarisingunder   thelaboragreementorstandardplayercontract.eL݌ p!  Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ,NationalandAmericanLeagueProflBaseballClubsv.MLBPlayersAssoc. <#" / /"" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#HW2  a  .3   4   MessersmithandMcNallybothrefusedtosignnewplayerKsattheendofthe "$r# 1974baseballseason.Instead,theyplayedthe1975seasonunderthetermsofthe %X $ UniformPlayerK,whichgavetheirclubstherighttorenewtheoldK onthe %>!% sameterms,exceptforsalary.W>݌ &$"& Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#Hb2  b  .3   4   ThequestionposedtothearbitratorwaswhethertheKasrenewedbytheclub ' #' containedthisoptionclauseaswell.bI݌ (#( Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H2  c  .3   4   Ifitwasrenewabletheplayercouldbeincludedontheclubsreservelist )$) indefinitelybecausetherenewalwasperpetual.Ifnot,thetwoplayerswouldbe l*%*  freeagents.݌ R+&+ Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,H1` hp x (#X!H  X,H+ ` hp x (#X(#H<2  d  .3   4   Arbitratordecidedthatthereserveclauseinabaseballcontractisrenewablefor  oneyearonly.Thebaseballplayercouldbecomeafreeagentbyplayingouthis  optionyearwithoutsigninganewcontract.<#݌ |  X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2   E   .3   4   Baseballeliminatedthelifetimereservesystemthrougharbitrationsandnot b throughantitrustastheyweretryingtodo.݌ H Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hi2   F   .3   4   Shortlythereafter,anewcollectivebargainingagreementwasreachedwhere . ~ baseballplayersreachedfullfreeagencyaftersixyearsofservice.iM݌  d Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2   G   .3   4   Thiswasamuchdifferentthattherulesinfootball.Footballdidnotestablishany  J timeatwhichaveteranplayerwouldenjoyunrestrictedfreeagency.݌  0 Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2   H   .3   4   Governingrulesbegantoconvergeacrossallsportsinthe2000s.h݌    Ќ X$ X!X(#$ ,  , , ApplicationoftheNLRAtoSports    , / /""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H?2   A   .3   4   CongressenactedtheNLRApursuanttoitspowertoregulateinterstate ^  commerce.?# ݌ D  Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H 2   B   .3   4   WhenFed.BaseballClubwasdecidedin1922,interstatecommercewas *z  construedquitenarrowly.Forthatreason,baseballwasconsideredtoolocalized ` aformofbusinessenterprisetobesubjecttofederalantitrustlaw. l ݌ F Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hw 2   C   .3   4   InNLRBv.Jones,theSupremeCourtupheldtheconstitutionalityoftheNLRA , andreleasedCongressfromthedualfederalismconstraintonitsauthorityover  thenationaleconomy.w [݌  Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H:2   D   .3   4   OnesideeffectwasthattheNLRAgainedabroaderreachoverprivatebusiness  andemploymentthanCongressoriginallycontemplated.:݌ t Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2   E   .3   4   Asaresult,theNLRBconsistentlyexercisedsomemeasureofdiscretionto Z decidewhetherandwhencertainindustrieswouldbesubjecttonationallabor @ law.݌ &v Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X!E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H_2   F   .3   4   Thedecisionthatgaveproathletestheirrightsunderlaborlawwasrenderedina  \ unioncertificationapplicationbyumpires._C݌ B Ќ X$ X!X(#$   ,H1` hp x (#X!H , ,K.` hp x (#X(#KA.L.ofProBaseball&Assoc.ofNatlBaseballLeagueUmpires  / /"" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2   A   .3   4   Baseballisanindustryinoraffectingcommerceandassuchissubjecttothe  NLRBundertheNLRA.݌   Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hw2   B   .3   4   AssertingjurisdictionwillbesteffucautethemandatesoftheNLRAandnational p!  laborpolicy.w[݌ V"! Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2   C   .3   4   Justbecausebaseballifselfregulatingdoesnotmeanthattheyshouldnotbe <#" subjecttotheAct.Suchasystemisnotlikelytoeitherpreventlabordisputesor "$r# resolvetheminapropermanner.݌ %X $ Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H 2   D   .3   4   Nothinginthestatuteorlegislativeintentthatdisputesbaseballbeingunderthe %>!% jurisdictionoftheNLRA. !݌ &$"& Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H"2   E   .3   4   Theemployeesarealsoaunitforthepurposesofcollectivebargaining."#݌ ' #' Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H*%2   F   .3   4   Leaguealsoarguedthatsupervisors(umpires)arenotemployeesandthusnot (#( entitledtounionrepresentationorcollectivebargaining.Howwouldthisaffect )$) coaches,assistants,etc.?*%&݌ l*%* Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  , , UnionSupportandEmployerRetaliation 8,',  , -n(-  ,Intro  / / "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H(2   A   .3   4   OneresultofcoverageunderNLRAisthatemployeesgainfederalprotection  againstemployerretaliationforsupportingemployeeunionsanditsactions.()݌ | Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HW+2   B   .3   4   Thisprotectionwasimportantintheearlydaysofunionorganizationbutnotin b sportsbecauseplayerswerealreadyorganizedinassoc.anssecuredrudimentary H collectiveagreementsbeforetheywereassuredofNLRAcoverage.W+;,݌ . ~ Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HC.2   C   .3   4   Sportsclubsandleaguesareunusualemployersbecausetheyneedandwant  d unionsfortheirplayersinordertosecureandretainthebenefitofthelabor  J antitrustexemption(SeeCh.3)C.'/݌  0 Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H12   D   .3   4   Employeerightsextendbeyondinitialorganizationandencompassthesupportof    theunioninitsbargainingefforts.11݌    Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hq32   E   .3   4   Employerscannotinterfere,restrain,orcoerceemployeesengagedinconcerted   activitiesandareforbiddenfromdiscriminatingintenureofemploymenton x  accountofunionsupport.q3U4݌ ^  Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H062   F   .3   4   Theserightsandobligationsaremurkyinapplicationb/cathleteshaveno D  expectationsinkeepingtheirpositions.067݌ *z  Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H82   G   .3   4   Playerscanbeterminatedfornotmaintainingrequisiteskill,performance,or ` conduct.89݌ F Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  "" , ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H:2   H   .3   4   AseveretestfortheNLRBiswhetheraclubsexerciseofjudgmentabouta , playersskilliscontaminatedbytheanimusofhisunionactivities.Unionreps  tendtoberespectedveteranswhomayhavepassedtheirpeakyetreceivelarge  salaries.:;݌  Ќ X$ X(#X(#$ ,  , ,H1` hp x (#X(#HSeattleSeahawksv.NFLPA&McCullum Z  " (00  / /""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HY?2  a  .3   4   McCullumwasWRandtheteamsunionplayerrep.Hisprominentroleinunion @ activitiescreatedtensionwithcoach.CoachupsetaboutWRorchestrationofthe &v solidarityhandshakewithoppositionbeforegames.Attheendofcamp,Hawks  \ tradedforanotherWRandMacwascut.Y?C@݌ B Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HkB2  b  .3   4   Macfiledunfairlaborpracticechargeandjudgefoundthatdecisionswere ( influencedbyantiunionsettlements.kBUC݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HD2  c  .3   4   NLRBusedWrightlinetestfordeterminingwhetheranemployerhascommitted  anunfairlaborpracticebyfiringanemployee.DE݌   Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!X(#H  XB(` ` hp x (#444X!BG2  1  .3     Employeemustfirstshowthathisunionactivitieswereamotivating p!  factorintheemployersdecisiontofirehim;andGG݌ V"! Ќ ,*X(#` ` X(#*   ""  X,H+4 44 <DL!X(#H  XB(` ` hp x (#444X!BMI2  2  .3     Theemployercoulddefendbyshowingtheemployeewouldhavebeen <#" firedevenifhehadnotengagedinunionactivities.MI.J݌ "$r# Ќ ,*X(#` ` X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HK2  d  .3   4   TheHawksdidnotprovethatthetradewouldhaveoccurreddespitetheanimus %X $ ofmanagementagainstMac.K}L݌ %>!% Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N CertificationofthePlayersBargainingAgent ' #' Info )$)   (00" / / ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H7O2  A  .3   4   Purposeofunionorganizationiftowiththerighttorepresentemployeesin l*%*  collectivebargainingwithemployers.7O!P݌ R+&+ Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HQ2  B  .3   4   Absentvoluntaryrecognitionbyemployer,aunionthatcandemonstrate  substantialallegianceamongtheemployeesmustpetitiontheNLRBtoconducta  secretballotelection.QtR݌ |  ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H,T2  C  .3   4   Ifunionwinsbyamajorityofvotescast,theNLRBcertifiestheunionasthe b exclusivebargainingagentforalltheemployees.,TU݌ H Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HV2  D  .3   4   Beforeanelection,theNLRBmustdefinethescopeoftherelevantemployee . ~ constituencythatistheunitappropriateforpurposesofcollectivebargaining.VmW݌  d Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HX2  E  .3   4   NLRBandcourtshavedevelopedelaboratejurisprudencefordetermining  J whethertheunionsproposedemployeegroupingconstitutesasufficient  0  communityofinteresttobecomearecognized bargainingunit.XY݌    Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H[2  F  .3   4   Noonehaschallengedassumptionthattheappropriateunitinsportsiscomprised    ofonlytheleaguesplayersandalloftheleaguesplayers[\݌   Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H+^2  G  .3   4   Issueinsportslaborlawisthecenteroftheunionsbargainingrelationshipistobe x  witheachindividualcluborwiththeentireleague.+^_݌ ^  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#NNorthAm.SoccerLeaguev.NLRB *z  / /""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HEa2  A  .3   4   NLRBdeterminedthatasingleleaguewideunitwasanappropriatebargaining ` unitinanemploymentrelationshipinehidhtheLeagueandindividualclubswere F jointemployersoftheplayers,becausebothexercisedasignificantdegreeof , controlovertheirrespectivepersonnelpolicies.Ea/b݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hbd2  B  .3   4   Factssuccessfullyrefutedanynotionthatbecauseteamscompeteonthefieldand  inhiring,onlyteamunitsareappropriateforcollectivebargainingpurposes.  Onceaplayerishired,hisworkingconditionsaresignificantlycontrolledbythe t league.Collectivebargainingatthatsourceofcontrolwouldbetheonlywayto Z effectivelychangebyagreementmanycriticalconditionsofemployment.bdLe݌ @ Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hh2  C  .3   4   Resultwastorequireallsoccerteamstobargainasasingleunitwiththeplayers &v assoc.hh݌  \ Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H4j2  D  .3   4   Multiemployerbargainingisapurelyconsensualundertaking,onethatmust B initiallybeagreedtobytheunionandeachoftheemployersparticipating.4jk݌ ( Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hl2  E  .3   4   Onceallaffectedpartieshavevoluntarilymovedtowardsuchanarrangement,no  onepartycanunilaterallywithdrawduringaparticularroundofbargaining.lm݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N UnionsExclusiveBargainingAuthority p!  Intro <#" / / ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Ho2  A  .3   4   OncecertifiedbytheNLRBasthemajoritychoiceofallemployees,theunion "$r# becomestheexclusiverepresentativeogallemployeesintheunitforpurposedof %X $ collectivebargaining.op݌ %>!% Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hr2  B  .3   4   Collectiveagreementsprevailoveranyindividuallynegotiatedemployment &$"& condition.r~s݌ ' #' Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#NMoriov.NorthAm.SoccerLeague )$) / /""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hyu2  A  .3   4   Leagueauthoritiesrefusedtobargaincollectively,madeindividualKswith R+&+ players,andunilaterallychangednumerousworkingconditions.Playersassoc. 8,', filedchargesclaimingviolationsoftheunionsexclusivebargainingauthority.yucv݌ -n(- Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HRx2  B  .3   4   Dutytobargaincarrieswithittheobligationonthepartoftheemployernotto  undercuttheunionbyenteringintoindividualKswithemployees.Rx!% becausetheownersclaimedaninabilitytopayhighersalaries.݌ &$"& Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hà2  B  .3   4   Employerisrequiredtodisclosefinancialinfoonlywhentheyclaimaninability ' #' topayduringthecourseofbargaining.à݌ (#( Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  C  .3   4   Inthiscase,thecommentswerenotmadeduringthecourseofbargaining.They )$) weresimplypublicstatementsbysomeofficials.݌ l*%* Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hj2  D  .3   4   Moreover,theissueofsalary,abovetheminimumrate,isnotsubjecttocollective R+&+ bargaining.Rather,individualplayersnegotiateindependentlywiththeclubsas 8,', totheirsalary.jT݌ -n(- Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H 2  E  .3   4   Strikefollowedthisdecisionbutthedisputewassettledonthebasisthatteams  losingfreeagentswouldreceivereplacementplayersdrawnformapoolof  playersleftunprotected. ݌ | Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  F  .3   4   Ifinformationisrelevanttoabargainingissue,eitherduringcollectivebargaining b orduringtheadministrationofanexistingagreement,theemployermustproduce H theinformationifrequestedbytheunion.݌ . ~ Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#NSilvermanII  J / /""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H 2  A  .3   4   Ownersunilaterallyeliminatedsalaryarbitrationandanticollusionemployment  0 terms.Theirargumentwasthatthesesubjectswerepermissiveandnot    mandatoryandthusnotcontrainedbythedutytobargain. ݌    Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HȰ2  B  .3   4   Ownershavemissedthatthestatutoryrighttocollectivelybargainisfor   employeesnotemployers.Theownersattempttocreatereciprocalstatutory x  rightstocollectivelybargainiswrong.Ȱ݌ ^  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hr2  C  .3   4   Theyareboundbytheirbasicagreementuntiltheybargainingoodfaithtoan D  impasse.r\݌ *z  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  D  .3   4   Salaryarbitrationforreserveplayersisamandatorypartofthecollective ` bargainingprocess.݌ F Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N EconomicConflictinSportsLaborRelations  / / ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  A  .3   4   Economicpressurebreaksdeadlocks.݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  B  .3   4   Theemployersreciprocaleconomicweapontothestrikeisthelockoutk݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  C  .3   4   InMackay,employersareentitledtocontinueoperationsduringastrikesuchas t hiringreplacements.s݌ Z Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H˾2  D  .3   4   Anemployercanevenhiretemporaryreplacementswhentheemployerinititiated @ thestoppagethroughalockout˾݌ &v Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  E  .3   4   Howevertherighttousereplacementsisabrogatediftheemployerisfoundto  \ haveengagedinunfairlaborpractices.݌ B Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#NNFLMgmtCouncilandNFLPA  / /""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  A  .3   4   NFLplayerswentonstrikeandleagueusedreplacements.Whengames  continuedsomeplayerstriedtocomebackbuttheteamsdecidedtostickwiththe   replacementsforoneweekendbecausetheplayersdidnotreportbytheWed. p!  deadline.NFLPAfiledunfairlaborchargesongroundofdiscriminationagainst V"! playerswhoexercisedtheirstatutoryrighttostrike.݌ <#" Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  B  .3   4   Therearesomepracticeswhichareinherentlysoprejudicaltounioninterestsand "$r# sodevoidofsignificanteconomicjustificationthattheemployersconductcarries %X $ withitaninferenceofunlawfulintentsocompellingthatisitjustifiableto %>!% disbelievetheirprotestsofinnocentpurpose.u݌ &$"& Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  C  .3   4   Ifemployersconductfallswithinthiscategorytheboardcanfindunfairlabor ' #' practiceeveniftheemployerintroducesevidencethattheconductwasmotivated (#( bybusinessconsiderations.݌ )$) Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HU2  D  .3   4   Ifthediscriminationisslightthenantiunionmotivationmustbeprovedtosustain l*%* thechargeiftheemployerhasbroughtevidenceofbusinessjustifications.U?݌ R+&+ Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  E  .3   4   Righttostrikeincludestherighttofullandcompletereinstatementupon 8,', unconditionalapplicationtoreturn݌ -n(- Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H_2  F  .3   4   Forbaseballpurposes(Canadianteams)Ca.laborlawsbartheuseoftemporary  replacements,notjustpermanent._I݌ | Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  G  .3   4   USlaborallowspermanentreplacements݌ b Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  H  .3   4   Employeesalsohavetherighttonotstrike,freeofretaliationfromtheuniony݌ H Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N AdministrationoftheLaborAgreement  d / / ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H`2  A  .3   4   Laboragreementsusuallylastfourtofiveyears,andduringtheirlifeahostof  0 problemsarise.`J݌    Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  B  .3   4   Sometimesbywaivingtheirrighttostrikeintheagreement,employeesmustrely    onasystemofbindingandfinalarbitrationbyaneutralpersonselectedbyboth   sides.݌ x  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H,2  C  .3   4   CourtsmustdefertothepartieschoiceofADR,݌ ^  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  D  .3   4   Acourtmayalsoissueinjuctionstopreservethestatusquopendingtheoutcome D  ofanarbitration݌ *z  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HV2  E  .3   4   Onceanarbitratormakedadecision,thecourtmustenforceitallongasthe ` awardappearsto drawitsessencefromthecollectivebargainingagreementV@݌ F Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#NKCRoyalsv.MLBPlayersAssoc.  / /""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  A  .3   4   AppealfromMessersmithdecisiono݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hh2  B  .3   4   Courtheldthatthearbitrationpanelhadjurisdictiontohearcase,andtheaward  drewitsessencefromthebargainingagreement.hR݌ t Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  C  .3   4   Partiesmutuallyselecttheirarbitratorandeitherpartycanterminatethe @ appointmentifdispleasedwithanyoneruling.݌ &v Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N UnionandIndividualPlayer B / / ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  A  .3   4   Deferencegiventoprivatearbitrationinadministrationofthecollective ( bargainingagreementemphaisizesthedominanceoftheunionoverindividual  playersinthedaytodaylifeofthebargainingrelationship݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  B  .3   4   AplayerinaKdisputecannotgoofftocourt,hemustrelyonthearbitration   mechanism݌ p!  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  C  .3   4   Insomesports,footballandhockey,theplayersassoc.controlsaccesstothe V"! arbitrationprocedure(theyhavetogothroughtheunion)݌ <#" Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hc2  D  .3   4   Theunionowesitsplayersadutyoffairrepresentation(DFR)andthisisviolated "$r# whenconducttowardaplayerisarbitrary,discriminatory,orinbadfaithcM݌ %X $ Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  E  .3   4   Absentclearlyillegitimatediscrimination,thecourtsarereluctanttooverturnthe %>!% resultsofacollectivebargainingbetweentheunionandemployer.݌ &$"& Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HG2  F  .3   4   CourtsmustofferunionslatitiudewithinawiderangeofreasonablenessG1݌ ' #' Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HR2  G  .3   4   ThevastmajorityofDFRclaimsinvolvecomplaintsabouttheunionshandlingof (#( individualcontractgrievance.R<݌ )$) Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#NPetersonv.KennedyandNFLPA l*%* / /""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HL2  A  .3   4   PetersonwasinjuredandaftertalkingwiththeNFLPAhisagentfiledagrievance R+&+ throughtheinjurygrievanceprocedure.L6݌ 8,', Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  B  .3   4   TheadvicewaserronouesandPetersonwasunsuccessfulinhisclaim݌ -n(- Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   _""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  C  .3   4   Petersonsuedclaimingbreachof_DFR_Ԁbutthecourtheldthattheunionsconduct  amountedtonomorethannegligence,andnegligenceby_itsled_Ԁisnotsufficientto  constituteunfairrepresentationunderthe_NLRA_݌ | Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  D  .3   4   Aplayermustshowtheunionsconductwasarbitrary,discriminatory,orinbad b faith݌ H Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N UnionSecurityinSports  d / / ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  A  .3   4   _DFR_Ԁrequiresplayersassoc.topursuetheinterestsofeachmemberofthe  J bargainingunit,regardlessiftheyhavejoinedandsupporttheassoc. ݌  0 Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H6 2  B  .3   4   Allplayersenjoythebenefitsandthecollectivelybargainedregimegoverning    theirsport6  ݌    Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Hg 2  C  .3   4   Assoc.soughttonegotiateunionsecurityagreementstoprotectthemajorityof   _playes_Ԁfromthetemptationtotakeafreeride.g Q݌ x  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  D  .3   4   _NLRA_Ԁforbidsunionsandemployersfromrequiringactualmembershipinthe ^  union݌ D  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H#2  E  .3   4   Unionscansecurefromemployeesacontributiontothefinancialcostofthe *z  representationeffortbyrequiringevennonmemberstopaytheunionthefinancial ` equivalentoftheunionduespaidbymembers.# ݌ F Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  F  .3   4   Somestates,likeTexas,unionscannotinsistonthisfinancialcontribution݌ , Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H2  G  .3   4   Anagencyshoprequirementissomethingthatrequiresplayerstopaythe  standarduniondues,andisprohibitedin21states.݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H=2  H  .3   4   Onlymembersofplayersunioncanparticipateingroupmarketingprogram  wheretheyreceivefinancialsharesfrommarketingplayers.='݌ t Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   N1` hp x (#X(#N SalaryCapandTaxes @ / / ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HE2  A  .3   4   Eachyeartheleagueandassoc.calculatethegrossrevenuereceivedbyallclubs. &v Anagreedtopercentageofthatrevenueisassignedforplayercompensation.The  \ remainderisdividedbythenumberofclubsintheleaguetoestablishthecapon B eachteamstotalplayercompensation.E/݌ ( Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!Ha2  B  .3   4   Itestablishedbothaceilingandafloor.aK ݌  Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!HN!2  C  .3   4   NBAhasasoftcapbecauseitdoesnotrestricttheamountclubsarepermittedto  spendtosigntheircurrentplayerstonewcontracts.ThisistheLarryBird   Exception.Therewasarestraintbutonthisintermsoftheamountateamscan p!  paytheirsoontobefreeagents.N!8"݌ V"! Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H_$2  D  .3   4   NFLhasahardcapthatforcesteamstoreleasesomeoftheirhigherpaidplayers <#" whentheiroverallsalarybudgetexceededthecollectivelybargainedlimit._$I%݌ "$r# Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H&2  E  .3   4   _MLB_Ԁhasasalarytaxwherethefivehighestpayingteamspayatax.Thereisalso %X $ nominimumpayrollstandard&'݌ %>!% Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ""  ,,K.4 <DL!X(#K  X,H+ ` hp x (#4X!H7)2  F  .3   4   Hockeyhasnosalarytaxorcap.7)!*݌ &$"& Ќ ,X*X(#X(#*   ,K.` hp x (#X(#K 'X>FXXX>FChapter5AgentRepresentationoftheAthlete  )$)  :123456789(s0  "13"  13d,23  0 4   Introduction13d,,݌l*%*4!4! Ќ  "2;"  2;&-0 4 23  0 4!4!  Principalroleofagentsisnegotiatingtheplayerscontract2;&-S-݌R+&+ ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;0.0 4 23  0 4!4!  TherealsoisanemotionalfactorMinimizingtheimpactontheplayers 8,', personalfeelingsandteammoraleoffrankdiscussionthattakesplacein -n(- negotiationsindeterminingwhethertheplayershouldfitwithinthe  gamesoverallsalaryscale2;0.].݌ ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;000 4 23  0 4!4!  Playerscannegotiateforthemselves,i.e.RayAllennegotiatedhis$71M | deal2;00]0݌b ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;[10 4 23  0 4!4!  Agentsalsoseektosecurelucrativeendorsementdealsandpromotional H activitiesfortheirclients2;[11݌. ~ ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;20 4 23  0 4!4!  Theyaretogeneraterevenueopportunitiesfortheirclientsoutsidethe  d sport2;22݌ J ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;30 4 23  0 4!4!  Fullserviceagentsareconcernednotonlywithrevenuegeneration,but  0 withrevenuemanagementfortheirclients;cangetintotaxplanning2;33݌   ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;250 4 23  0 4!4!  Firstsportsagentsarrivedinthelate1960's(BobWolf)2;25_5݌   ! ! Ќ  "13"  135623  0 4   UnionandAgentRepresentationofAthletes1356b6݌ 4!4! Ќ  "2;"  2;70 4 23  0 4!4!  Therearemoreselfproclaimedagentsthanprofessionalathletes2;7B7݌x  ! ! Ќ  "3"  380 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Oncereasonisthereisnoformaltrainingrequired;nolegal ^  training38L8݌D  ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4irT90 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Yetmostprominentagentsarelawyers4irT99݌*z <!<! Ќ  "2;"  2;k:0 4 23  0 4!4!  Aunionselectedbytheemployeeshastheexclusiveauthoritytonegotiate ` alltermsandconditionsofemploymentforallmembersinthebargaining F unit2;k::݌, ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;;0 4 23  0 4!4!  Playersassociationshavetraditionallyexercisedthisstatutoryauthority  onlytotheextentofnegotiatingminimumsalaries,benefits,andjob  protection2;;"<݌ ! ! Ќ  "13"  13=23  0 4   StandardandIndividualizedContractTerms13==݌t4!4! Ќ  "2;"  2;b>0 4 23  0 4!4!  AlvinMoore&AtlantaBraves2;b>>݌Z ! ! Ќ  "3"  3N?0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  MooresignedKwithbraveswhichhadaclausethatifhewasnot @ satisfiedwithhisplayingtime,theBraveshadtotradehim,andif &v theydidnttradehim,hecouldbecomeafreeagent3N?{?݌ \ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3 A0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  _NK_ԀPresidentsaidKwasinconsistentwiththeReserveSystemof B theirAgreement3 A:A݌( ! ! Ќ  "3"  3kB0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Playersassociationfiledagrievance3kBB݌ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3kC0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  CourtheldforMoore;statingtherewasntareasonwhytheteam  shouldntbeabletogivetheserightstoMoore3kCC݌  ! ! Ќ  "3"  3D0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  CourtnotedtheKwasnegotiatedfor;andupheldthegrievance3DD݌p!  ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;E0 4 23  0 4!4!  Notes:2;EF݌V"! ! ! Ќ  "3"  3F0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Incentiveclausesinbaseballcontractsbasedonperformance3FF݌<#" ! ! Ќ  "3"  3G0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  StandardplayersKgivestheteamarighttoterminateaplayersK "$r# basedonperformance;togetaroundthisplayersnegotiatefor %X $  guaranteedcontracts3GG݌%>!% ! ! Ќ  "13"  13wI23  0 4   DealingWiththeSalaryCap13wII݌&$"&4!4! Ќ  "2;"  2;HJ0 4 23  0 4!4!  Teamscancaptheamountofsalarygiventoplayers2;HJuJ݌' #' ! ! Ќ  "13"  13EK23  0 4   SalaryArbitration13EKrK݌(#(4!4! Ќ  "2;"  2; L0 4 23  0 4!4!  Presentationofthepositionsofaplayerandclubataprivate,informal )$) proceedinginfrontofaneutralarbitrator2; L:L݌l*%* ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;`M0 4 23  0 4!4!  Playerscaseispresentedbyhisagent,althoughtheplayersassociation R+&+ canhiresomeonetopresenttoassisttheplayersagent2;`MM݌8,', ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;N0 4 23  0 4!4!  Raymond_Borque_ԀandBostonBruins2;NN݌-n(- ! ! Ќ  _"3"  3O0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Inarbitration,playerscangointoanarbitrationhearingto  determineiftheywillreceivethesalarytheywantornot3OP݌ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3NQ0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  BorquewantedtonegotiateaKandwantedtobepaidmorethan b anydefensivelinemanintheNHL3NQ{Q݌H ! ! Ќ  "3"  3R0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Theygetthestatsoftheplayerandcomparehimagainstallthe . ~ otherplayersintheleague3RR݌ d ! ! Ќ  "3"  3S0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Theycanconsider:Playersoverallperformance,#ofgames  J played,lengthofservice,overallcontributiontosuccessofteam,  0 specialleadershipqualities3ST݌   ! ! Ќ  "3"  3U0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Courtcomparedhimtootherplayersandawardedhim$2.5MK3UU݌   ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;V0 4 23  0 4!4!  Notes:2;VV݌  ! ! Ќ  "3"  3oW0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Baseballsarbitrationisthemostvisibleandmoststudied3oWW݌x  ! ! Ќ  "3"  3X0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Ownerswinmajorityofthetime,butplayerssalaryusually ^  increases3XX݌D  ! ! Ќ  "13"  13Y23  0 4   BreakdownsintheAgentPlayerRelationship13YY݌*z 4!4! Ќ  "13"  13Z23  0 4   StandardsforAgentCompetence13ZZ݌`4!4! Ќ  "2;"  2;q[0 4 23  0 4!4!  Zinnv.Parrish2;q[[݌F ! ! Ќ  "3"  3P\0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  ParrishwasdraftedbyBengalsandhiredZinnashisagent3P\}\݌, ! ! Ќ  "3"  3e]0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  KgaveZinn10%,andhesuccessfullyrepresentedParrishfor4  years3e]]݌ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3^0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  ThenwhentheWFLcreatedcompetitionwiththeNFL,Zinnwas  onlyabletosecureParrisha$250kdeal;ParrishthenfiredZinn3^^݌t ! ! Ќ  "3"  3`0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  TheCourtfoundthatZinnhadusedreasonableeffortsinhis Z abilitytoseekKnegotiations; reasonableeffortsisthestandard3`2`݌@ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3|a0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  ThereforeZinnwasentitledtothemoneyundertheK3|aa݌&v ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;b0 4 23  0 4!4!  Notes:2;bb݌ \ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3[c0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Biasv.AdvantageInternational3[cc݌B ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir[d0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  LenBiassestatesuedhisagent(afterhisdeath)fornot ( movingquicklyenoughtosecureashoedeal4ir[dd݌<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ire0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Courtsaidthedeal,giventheshorttimeframe,couldnt  reasonablyhavebeenexpectedtohavebeendone4iree݌ <!<! Ќ  "3"  3!% anotherteamwhichwouldpayhim$320k.Thesecondteam &$"& encounteredfinancialdifficultiesandcouldntpayhim.3jj݌' #' ! ! Ќ  "3"  3l0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Brownsuedallegingmaterialmisrepresentationandbreachof (#( fiduciarydutyforfailingtoinvestigationthefinancialsituationof )$) thesecondteamwhilereceivingfullpaymentofhisagencyfee.3ll݌l*%* ! ! Ќ  "3"  3Xn0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  CourtdeniedWoolfsMSJbecausefactquestionsremain3Xnn݌R+&+ ! ! Ќ  "13"  13lo23  0 4   AgentConflictsofInterest13loo݌8,',4!4! Ќ  "2;"  2;=p0 4 23  0 4!4!  DetroitLionsandBillySimsv.Argovitz2;=pjp݌-n(- ! ! Ќ  "3"  35q0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  SimswasRbforLions;hisKwasupandhisagentwasbecoming  partownerintheHoustonGamblers35qbq݌ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3r0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  AgentmadeSimsthingtheLionswerentinterestedinhim,sohe | wouldsignwiththeGamblers3rr݌b ! ! Ќ  "3"  3s0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>F{+#ItisallegedthatArgivitzbreachedhisfiduciarydutyduring H negotiationsofacontract'X>FXXX>F3st݌. ~ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3^u0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>Ft#Agenthadaconflictb/chewassupposedtoberepresentingthe  d playerbuthadaninterestinoneoftheorganizationsmakingan  J offertotheplayer'X>FXXX>F3^uu݌ 0 ! ! Ќ  "3"  37w0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>Fv#GeneralRule!agentisnotliableforlossesoccurringasaresultof    followingprinciplesinstructionsbutlawisnotapplicablewhenthe    agentplacedhimselfinapositionadversetothatoftheprinciple'X>FXXX>F37wdw݌  ! ! Ќ  "13"  13Ny23  0 4   AgentRecruitingofCollegeAthletes   D 13Ny{y݌x 4!4! Ќ  "2; "  2;@z0 4 23  0 4!4!  NorbyWaltersandLlyodBloomv.BrentFullwood2;@zmz݌^  ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3?{0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Walterswasanagentthatgotacollegefootballplayertosigna D  postdatedrepresentationagreementinexchangefor$8k3?{l{݌*z  ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3|0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Theplayerthensignedwithanotheragent,andWaltersissuingto ` gethis$8kback3||݌F ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3}0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  CourtsaidtheywouldntenforcethisKb/citsagainstpublic , policyintwoways:3}~݌ ! ! Ќ  "4ir "  4ir00 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  1.OncehesignsaK,heisnolongeranamatuer4ir0]݌<!<! Ќ  "4ir "  4irR0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  2.Collegeplayercanonlyreceivecashfromabanknot,  fromanagent4irR݌t<!<! Ќ  "13 "  1323  0 4   EmergenceofAgentRegulation13ˁ݌Z4!4! Ќ  "2; "  2;q0 4 23  0 4!4!  Collingsv.NBPA&Grantham2;q݌@ ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3\0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>Fx#NBPAisthelaborunionthathasexclusivebargaining &v representativeforallNBAplayers.Onlycertifiedagentscan  \ representMBPAplayers.Candenyapplicationsifpersonhas B madefalsestatementsofmaterialfactsofengagedinconductthat ( significantlyimpactshiscredibility,integrityorcompetenceto  serveinafiduciarycapacity'X>FXXX>F3\݌ ! ! Ќ  "3 "  310 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>Fυ#Agentwassuedforbreachoffiduciarydutyformismanagementof   incometaxreturns,assets,andcomminglingfundswiththoseof p!  otherplayers'X>FXXX>F31^݌V"! ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>F#Agentsuspendedhisactivitiesasanagentduringthependencyof <#" thesuit'X>FXXX>F31݌"$r# ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>F#Agentreappliedforcertificationandwasdeniedb/ctheysaidhe %X $ wasunfittoserveinafiduciarycapacitytoNBAplayers'X>FXXX>F3݌%>!% ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3+0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>FɊ#Collins(agent)complainedthatitviolatedantitrustb/citwasa &$"& groupboycott'X>FXXX>F3+X݌' #' ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>FJ#TheShermanActpermitstheNBPAtoestablishcertification (#( procedures'X>FXXX>F3ٌ݌)$) ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3#0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>F#RegulationmeetsbothprongsofthetestinUSv.Hutchesonthat l*%* heldthatlaborunionsactingintheirselfinterestandnotin R+&+ combinationwithnonlaborgroupsareexemptfromShermanAct 8,', liability'X>FXXX>F3#P݌-n(- ! ! Ќ  _"3 "  3Z0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  #X>FXX'X>F#Courtheldthatassociationscanmakereasonableexclusionsof  athletes'X>FXXX>F3Z݌ ! ! Ќ  "2; "  2;ґ0 4 23  0 4!4!  Notes:RegulationsIssuesforRegulationofAgents2;ґ݌ ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3Β0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Coverage3Β݌ ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Eligibility3ޓ݌h ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  FinancialResponsibility3Ĕ݌N~ ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  SolicitationofBusiness3݌4d ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3}0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Fees3}݌ J ! ! Ќ  "2; "  2;\0 4 23  0 4!4!  Barry_Rona_ԀandMajorLeagueBaseballPlayersAssociation2;\݌ 0 ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  _Rona_Ԁtriedtobecomeanagentforabaseballplayer3݌   ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Theassociationrejectedhisapplication,concludinghisconduct    mayadverselyaffecthiscredibilityorintegritytoserveinan   agentscapacity3ߙ݌  ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3J0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  TheArbitratorruleinfavorof_Rona_,sayingtheassociationhadno ~  reasonforrejectingtheapplicationexceptthattherewassome d  allegedinvolvementincollusiononthepartof_Rona_3Jw݌Jz  ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3E0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Arbitratorfelttheassociationwentoutsideitsboundariesin 0` makingitsdecision;saw_Rona_Ԁasthe enemy3Er݌F ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3Ş0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Arbitratorsaidalawyermustzealouslyrepresenthisclientandcan , zealouslyrepresentbothsidesoftheissue.3Ş݌ ! ! Ќ  "13 "  13%23  0 4   Agents,CollegeAthletes,andNCAARules13%R݌4!4! Ќ  "2; "  2;0 4 23  0 4!4!  Thisisanissueofintegrity,focusingonagentsdealingwithcollege  athletes2;0݌ ! ! Ќ  "2; "  2;40 4 23  0 4!4!  IfanagentplayersacollegeplayerandhasaK,theKwillnotbelegally z enforcedandthemoneywillbelost2;4a݌` ! ! Ќ  "2; "  2;0 4 23  0 4!4!  UnitedStatesv._Norby_ԀWalters2;݌Fv ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  TheStatewentafterWalters,alsohadcaseabove,formailfraud3݌,\ ! ! Ќ  "3 "  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Hewassendingplayers_Ks_Ԁthroughthemail3إ݌B ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3Ц0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Issue:Whetherthemailingispartoftheexecutionofthescheme ( asconceivedbytheperpetratoratthetime.3Ц݌ ! ! Ќ  "3 "  3-0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  CourtheldforWaltersbecausehismailingwasnottheintegral  partofthecrimehewasntmailingthese_Ks_Ԁsoplayerswouldget  introubleandlosetheirscholarshipsfortheschool,butto   eventuallygetapercentageofthecertainplayersprofessional v ! incomes#X>FXX'X>Fp#3-Z݌\!" ! ! Ќ  ! ! :12345678(ss :123456789"13"  13I23  0 4   Chapter5Nutshell(113;1524;2636)13Iv݌B"r#4!4! Ќ  "2;"  2;&0 4 23  0 4!4!  ContractFormationOffer,Acceptance2;&S݌(#X $ ! ! Ќ  "2;"  2;0 4 23  0 4!4!  StandardPlayersContract2;C݌$>!% ! ! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Contractsinsportsdefinetherightsandresponsibilitiesofthe $$"& variousparticipantsinthebusinessofprofessionalsports3&݌% #' ! ! Ќ  "3"  3e0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  SPKStandardPlayersContract3e݌&#( ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir_0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Isacontractofadhesion4ir_݌'$)<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irj0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Playerswith juicesuchasM.Jordanhasgreaterability (%* tomodifyhisK4irj݌r)&+<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Callsforannualphysicalexaminations4ir݌X*',<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irس0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Includesterminationclause forcause4irس݌>+n(-<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Commissionerhasabilitytofineplayersforinfractions4ir$݌$,T).<!<! Ќ  "3"  3!0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  SpecialtyClauses3!N݌ -:*/ ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir 0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Signingbonuses4ir :݌- +0<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Options4ir;݌.,1<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Reserve(Oldrule)4ir5݌/,2<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir 0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  NoCut4ir 9݌<!<! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  CollateralAgreements31݌ ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Collectivebargainingagreementsandtheleagues  constitutionandbylaws4ir!݌<!<! Ќ  "3"  3F0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Terminations3Fs݌h ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir-0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  TerminationwillbeconstruedasbreachofKifnot N~ justified4ir-Z݌4d<!<! Ќ  "3"  3p0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Remedies3p݌ J ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4irS0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  BreachofKcanberemediedbymoneydamages,  0 restitution,orspecificperformance4irS݌  <!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Althoughacourtwillnotforceanathletetoplayagainst    hiswill4ir݌ <!<! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Defenses3!݌  ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Clubsdefensestoberaisedinarbitration:failuretopass ~  physicalexam,failuretomakecompletedisclosureof d  physical/mentalconditions,injury_occuring_Ԁpriortoexam, Jz  nonsportinjury,nonewsportsrelatedinjuryafterexam 0` andnoaggravationofpriorinjuryafterexam4ir݌F<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irQ0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  1.UncleanHands4irQ~݌,<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irT0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  2._Unconscionability_4irT݌<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irz0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  3.Mutuality4irz݌<!<! Ќ  "2;"  2;y0 4 23  0 4!4!  Agents2;y݌ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3I0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Fiduciaryrelationshipb/wagentsandathletes3Iv݌ ! ! Ќ  "3"  3R0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Agentsareunderdutytoexerciseutmostcareandgoodfaithin z theirdealingswithathletes3R݌` ! ! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  StandardRepresentationAgreements3݌Fv ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Establishesrightsandresponsibilitiesb/wparties4ir݌,\<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Fouressentialclauses:noticeinwritingofpotential B conflicts,anegotiationingoodfaithclause,anarbitration ( provision,andaclausethatstipulateswhichstateslawwill  governifinterpretationofKisnecessary4ir݌<!<! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Duties3݌ ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Negotiateingoodfaith4ir݌ <!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Thatagentpossessesnecessaryskills4ir݌v !<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Mustnegotiateusinghisbestabilities4ir݌\!"<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Functionsofagent:contracts,taxes,financialplanning, B"r# moneymanagement,investments,incometaxpreparation, (#X $ incorporation,estateplanning,endorsements,sports $>!% medicineconsultations,healthandphysicaltraining $$"& consultations,careerandpersonaldevelopmentcounseling, % #' postcareerdevelopment,insurance,andlegalconsultations4ir݌&#(<!<! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  ConflictsofInterest3݌'$) ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Agentmustnothaveany4ir݌(%*<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Agentmustinformprincipalofallfactswhichmightbe r)&+ materialormightaffecttheprincipalsrightsorinterestsor X*', influencetheactionsthattheathletemayormaynottake4ir݌>+n(-<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irW0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Completeanddetaileddisclosure4irW݌$,T).<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4iri0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  AvoidingconflictsmoreimportantiflawyerModelRules4iri݌ -:*/<!<! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  RegistrationofAgents3݌- +0 ! !   "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  StateLegislation4ir݌.,1<!<! Ќ  "5"  50 4 0 4!4!0 ! !0< ! !2*3  0<!<!  Requiresthatagentsregisterwiththatstateifthey   arefromthatstateoriftheysignanathletefrom  thatstate5݌!! Ќ  "5"  5@0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !0< ! !2*3  0<!<!  RegistrationmustoccurbeforetheyproceedwithK  negotiationsforanathlete5@m݌h!! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  UnionRegulations4ir݌N~<!<! Ќ  "5"  50 4 0 4!4!0 ! !0< ! !2*3  0<!<!  Unioncreatedtheirownplansothatanyagentwho 4d wantedtorepresentaunionmembermustfirst  J registerwith,orbecertifiedby,theunion5݌ 0!! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir`0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  NCAABased4ir`݌  <!<! Ќ  "5"  5\0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !0< ! !2*3  0<!<!  Athleteswillloseeligibilityiftheyacceptgifts5\݌  !! Ќ  "5"  50 4 0 4!4!0 ! !0< ! !2*3  0<!<!  PlayerAgentRegistrationPlan5݌ !! Ќ  "6F"  6F0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !0< ! !0<!<!2+3  0!!  UrgesagentstoregisterwithNCAA6F݌ !! Ќ  "2;"  2;0 4 23  0 4!4!  FinancialConsiderations2;݌~  ! ! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Taxation3݌d  ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  GrossIncome4ir݌Jz <!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  TaxPlanning4ir݌0`<!<! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  AssignmentofIncome3݌F ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Toreducetaxliabilitybyassigningto3rdperson4ir݌,<!<! Ќ  "3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  Deferralstolessonliabilitybyprolongingtheincidenttotaxation  fromtheyearsinwhichtheathleteearnsincometoatimeinthe  future3݌ ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4irX0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  ByK4irX݌<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irN0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  ByPensionPlans4irN{݌z<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irP0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  SubstantiallyNonVestedProperty4irP}݌`<!<! Ќ  "5"  5c0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !0< ! !2*3  0<!<!  Propertytransferredinconnectionwiththe Fv performanceofservices5c݌,\!! Ќ  "5"  50 4 0 4!4!0 ! !0< ! !2*3  0<!<!  Valuedoesnthavetobeincludedinincomeuntil B thefirsttimeitsbeneficialinterestbecomes ( substantiallyvested5݌!! Ќ  "3"  3`0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  TexShieldedInvestments3`݌ ! ! Ќ  "4ir"  4irS0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Leveraging4irS݌<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irO0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Taxdeferral4irO|݌ <!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4irM0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  Positivecashflow4irMz݌v !<!<! Ќ  "3"  3Q0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  InBcorporation3Q~݌\!" ! ! Ќ  "3"  3?0 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  FinancialPlanning3?l݌B"r# ! ! Ќ  D"4ir"DD"3"D  4ir10 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  BCBdBCBBEPreservatiEFEnEFGonGHGfGHIofCapital4ir1݌(#X $<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  TaxMinimization4ir݌$>!%<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  ProtectionAgainstRisk4ir݌$$"&<!<! Ќ  "4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  EstatePlanningIM4ir ݌% #'<!<! Ќ  _MNM"4ir"  4ir0 4 0 4!4!0 ! !23  0< ! !  MNPO\OPJB4ir)݌% #'<!<! Ќ  BB"3"  30 4 0 4!4!2-3  0 ! !  BJK4ir)݌% #'<!<! Ќ  "2;"  2;O0 4 23  0 4!4!  KL4ir ݌% #'<!<! Ќ  L_XChapter6 '$)  IntellectualPropertyNutshell (pages286293) (%*   (0s:12345678""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F2 3   4   #X>FXX0X(#Sportsareentertainment ݌ r)&+ Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F2 3   4   #X>FXX0X(#Patentlaw:patent=newandusefulprocess,machine,manufacture,or g*', compositionofmatter ݌ \+(- Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>F] 2o3     #X>FXX/X > #Foraninventiontobe_patentable_Ԁitmust] ] ݌ B,r). Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>F 2 3     #X>FXX.Xnd #Beinasubjectmattercategory  ݌ 9-i*/ Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>F2 3     #X>FXX.Xnc#Useful݌ .O+0 Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>Fh2 3     #X>FXX.XnI#Novelinrelationtothepriorartandhh݌ /5,1 Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>Fn2 3     #X>FXX.XnO#Obviousfromthepriorartatthetimetheinventionwasmadenn݌ /-2 Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X l#Patentconfersontheownertherighttoexcludeothersfromsellingor  usingtheprocessorproduct݌  Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #Patentlasts17yearsfromdateofissuance݌  Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F2 3   4   #X>FXX0X(#Copyrightlawprotectsoriginalworksofauthorshipembodiedinatangible  mediumofexpression݌  Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>FD2o3     #X>FXX/X %#Itprotectsexpressionofideas,nottheideasthemselvesDD݌  Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>FZ2 3   4   #X>FXX0X(D#Trademarkisatypeofsymbolusedbyonetoidentifyaparticularsetofgoods v andtodistinguishthenfromanothersgoodsZc݌ k  Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>F2o3     #X>FXX/X #Theplaintiffinatrademarkcasemustshow ݌ Q  Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>F!2 3     #X>FXX.Xn"#Therewasareproductionorcounterfeitofthemark!"݌ H x  Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>F#2 3     #X>FXX.Xn$#Thereproductionmusthaveoccurredwithouttheauthorityofthe . ^  registeredowner#$݌  D  Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>F6&2 3     #X>FXX.Xn'#Thereproductionhasbeenusedinthestreamofcommerce6&6'݌  *  Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>FN(2 3     #X>FXX.Xn/)#Theusemusthavebeeninthesale,distributionorofferingof   goods/servicesN(N)݌   Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>F*2 3     #X>FXX.Xnq+#Theuseofthereproductionmustbelikelytocauseconfusion*+݌   Ќ ! X(#  X!   CopyrightLaw (pages450457) x / /""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F-2 3   4   #X>FXX0X(.#Teamcontrolsthefacilitywherethegameisbeingplayedandthetvrightstothe ^ gameareoneofthemajorassetstotheteam-$.݌ S Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F/2 3   4   #X>FXX0X(0#Copyrightlawgivesauthors/inventorstheexclusiverighttocontrolandlicense 9i theuseoftheirworks/0݌ .^ Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F12 3   4   #X>FXX0X(2#Firstcopyrightactwasin178913݌ D Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F42 3   4   #X>FXX0X(4#106ofthecopyrightactgivescopyrightownerstheexclusiverighttoprepare  9 derivativeworksandmakecopiesoftheoriginalwork4 5݌ . Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F62 3   4   #X>FXX0X(r7#copyrightlastsforthedurationoftheauthorslife+70yearsunlessthecopyright  ownerisabusinessentityandthenthecopyrightlastsfor95years67݌   Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F"92 3   4   #X>FXX0X( :#thereare2limitstocopyrightprotection"9+:݌  Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>F5;2o3     #X>FXX/X <#underlyingworkmustbeanoriginalworkofauthorshipfixedinatangible  mediumofexpression5;5<݌  Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>F=2o3     #X>FXX/X f>#copyrightprotectiondoesntextendtoideas,processes(protects  expressiononly)=>݌  Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F?2 3   4   #X>FXX0X(@#mustprovethattheinfringerhadaccesstotheoriginalworktoconcludehe n   copieditratherthanindependentlycameupwiththeexpressiononhisown?@݌ c!! Ќ X! X(#((X!   _""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>FoB2 3   4   #X>FXX0X(YC#fairusedefenseisaprivilegeinothersthantheownerofthecopyrighttousethe I"y" copyrightedmaterialinareasonablemannerwithouttheownersconsent; >#n # notwithstandingthemonopolyrightsoftheowneroBxC݌ $$T!$ Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>FQE2o3     #X>FXX/X 2F#itisabalancingoftheexclusiverightsoftheownerwiththepublics  %:"% interestinthedisseminationofinfoaffectingareasofuniversalconcern, &1#& suchasart,science,industryQEQF݌ &$' Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  XH1((( 0 8@H!#X(#H  XB+  0 8@H!#(((XB/X XXX>F H2o3     #X>FXX/X H#evaluatedinlightofcertaincriteria H I݌ '$( Ќ ! X(#X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>FJ2 3     #X>FXX.XnJ#purposeandcharacteroftheuse;whetheruseiscommercialorfor (%) nonprofiteducationalpurposesJK݌ )&* Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>FdL2 3     #X>FXX.XnEM#natureofcopyrightedworkdLdM݌ *'+ Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>F^N2 3     #X>FXX.Xn?O#amountandsubstantialityoftheportionusedinrelationtothe v+(, copyrightedworkasawhole^N^O݌ \,)- Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>FP2 3     #X>FXX.XnQ#effectoftheuseuponthepotentialmarketfororvalueofthe B-r*. copyrightedworkPQ݌ (.X+/ Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  H1TTT 0 8@H!#X(#H  B( 0 8@H!#TTTXB.XnXXX>FR2 3     #X>FXX.XnS#qualityvquantity:highlightsofagamearesubstantialenoughfor />,0 infringementRS݌ /$-1 Ќ ! X(#  X!   ""  ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#K  X,H.(( 0 8@H!#(XH0X(XXX>F6U2 3   4   #X>FXX0X( V#NFLrequiresawaygamesbetelevisedinhomecity,buthomegamescannotbe  telecastwithinhomecityunlessgameissoldout72hoursinadvance6U?V݌  Ќ X! X(#((X!   PlayerPublicity (pages472507)  / /""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>F5X2   A   .3   4   #X>FXX0X(Y#Undertheoldlaw,celebratedathletesdidnotenjoytherighttopublicityduring w theircareers/couldntcomplainofintrusiontoprivacy5X;Y݌ l Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>FZ2   B   .3   4   #X>FXX0X([#Rightofpublicity:foritiscommonknowledgethatmanyprominentpersons R especiallyactorsandballplayersfarfromhavingtheirfeelingsbruisedthrough G w publicexposureoftheirlikeness,wouldfeelsorelydeprivediftheynolonger - ] receivedmoneyforauthorizingadvertisements,popularizingtheircountenances,  C  displayedinnewspapers,magazines,busses,trains,andsubways;thisrightof  )  publicitywouldusuallyyieldthemnomoneyunlessitcouldbemadethesubject    ofanexclusivegrantwhichbarredanyotheradvertiserfromusingtheirpictures   (reasonforextensionofrightofpublicity)Z\݌   Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>F`2   C   .3   4   #X>FXX0X(`#Rightextendstovoices,identifiableroutines,andanyaspectofapersons   identitythatwouldmakepeopleassociatethatcharacteristicwiththeparticular   individual` a݌ l Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>Fb2   D   .3   4   #X>FXX0X(c#Enforcementofonepersonspublicityrightsusuallyconstitutesalegalrestriction R onanothersfreedomofspeechbd݌ Gw Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>Fe2   E   .3   4   #X>FXX0X(f#Tapingahumancannonballactwasconsideredanintrusionbecausethiswasthe -] veryactivitybywhichtheentertaineracquiredhisreputationef݌ "R Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>Fwh2   F   .3   4   #X>FXX0X(^i#Crazylegsexample:shavinggelviolatedhisrighttopublicitywh}i݌ 8 Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>Fj2   G   .3   4   #X>FXX0X(k#JoeMontanaexample:pictureofhiminnewspaperwhichwaslatermadeintoa - posterforsalewasnotanintrusion;itwasconsiderednewsworthyjk݌ " Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>Fm2   H   .3   4   #X>FXX0X(n#Commercialvaluedoesnothavetobeinvolvedtohaveaninvasionofprivacymn݌  Ќ X! X(#((X!   Newcombev.AdolfeCoorsCompany;Foote,Cone&Belding   " (00  / / ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>Fq2  1  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(q#Newcombewasformerbaseballplayerw/Dodgersandrecoveringalcoholicqr݌  Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>FUs2  2  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(Fv2  3  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(v#Coorsadmittedthatthedrawingwasbasedonanewspaperphotographof i Newcombepitchinginthe1949WorldSeriesvw݌ ^ Ќ X! X(#((X!   ""  ,E.4 <DL!X(#E  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>Fx2  4  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(fy#NecombefiledsuitagainstCoors,FooteCone&BeldingAdvertising(Belding) D t  andTimeInc.allegingcommonlawmisappropriation,statutorymisappropriation, 9!i! defamation,negligence,andintentionalinflictionofemotionaldistress.xy݌ "O" Ќ X! X(#((X!   ,K4( 0 8@H!#X(#KISSUE:DidthenameddefendantsviolateNewcombesrighttoprivacybyusinghis #!$ nameandlikenesstotheircommercialadvantageinviolationofhisstatutoryand $"% commonlawrightsofprivacy? %"&  ,K1( 0 8@H!#(XK""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>F;}2  5  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(~#CommonLawMisappropriation:Pmustprove:;}>~݌ '$( Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>F_2  a  .3     #X>FXX/X :#(1)thedefendantsuseoftheplaintiffsidentity;_Y݌ x(%) Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>F2  b  .3     #X>FXX/X ^#(2)theappropriationofplaintiffsnameorlikenesstodefendants o)&* advantage}݌ f*'+ Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>FՃ2  c  .3     #X>FXX/X #(3)lackofconsentՃτ݌ L+|(, Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>F҅2  d  .3     #X>FXX/X #(4)resultinginjury҅̆݌ C,s)- Ќ  XX   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>FЇ2  6  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(#CaliforniaStatutoryMisappropriation:Anypersonwhoknowinglyuses :-j*. anothersname,voice,signature,photograph,orlikeness,inanymanner8for /._+/ purposesofadvertising8withoutsuchpersonspriorconsent8shallbeliable /E,0 foranydamagessustainedbytheperson.Pmustprove:Їӈ݌ /+-1 Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>F02  a  .3     #X>FXX/X #(1)knowinguse0*݌  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>F)2  b  .3     #X>FXX/X #(2)forpurposesofadvertising;and)#݌  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>F72  c  .3     #X>FXX/X #(3)adirectconnetionbetweentheuseandthecommercialpurpose71݌  Ќ  XX     (00" / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>F2  A  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(#Negligence:Itisnotpossibletohaveanegligentcreationclaimb/cnegligence  mustincludeaclaimfordamagesthatweretheresultofthenegligence,andthere  wassimplynodamagefromthecreationofthead;theonlyallegeddamages v resultedfrompublication.݌ \  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>FX2  B  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(<#IIED:Pmustprove:X[݌ B r Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>Fe2  a  .3     #X>FXX/X @#(1)defendantsconductwasoutrageous;e_݌ 7 g  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>Fy2  b  .3     #X>FXX/X T#(2)thedefendantsintendedtocause,orrecklesslydisregardedthe . ^  likelihoodofcausingemotionaldistress;ys݌ % U  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>F2  c  .3     #X>FXX/X #(3)theplaintiffexperiencedsevereemotionalsuffering;andޜ݌  ;  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E/X XXX>F 2  d  .3     #X>FXX/X #(4)actualandproximatecauseofemotionaldistress ݌ 2  Ќ  XX   HOLDING:NinthCircuitreversedthedistrictcourtsgrantofsummaryjudgmentin  favorofCoorsandcreatorBeldingonNewcombescommonlawmisappropriationand  CaliforniaStatutorymisappropriationclaims.However,summaryjudgmenton  defamationandfalselight,negligence,andIIEDclaimswereaffirmedastoall  defendants. w ;X>FXXX>F    &  ;  AbdulJabarvGMC;8 Ԍ )Y Ќ X>FXXX>F  / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>F2  A  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(#KareemAbdulJabbarbroughtanactionagainstGMCforusinghisbirthname ? (LewAlcindor)inacommercialairedduringthe1993NBAplayoffs.݌ 4 Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>F2  B  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(}#AbdulJabbarcontendedthattheunauthorizedusewaslikelytoconfuse  consumersastohisendorsementofthe1988Oldsmobile,andthusviolatedthe  LanhamAct.'),݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>Fg2  C  .3   4   #X>FXX0X(K#GMCargued:gj݌  Ќ X X((X    = (00  / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K2  1  .3   4   AbdulJabbarlostrightsinhisnamewhenhe abandonedit.݌  Ќ X X((X     (00= / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  ,K.TT 0 8@H!#4X!K0X(XXX>F2  A  .3   `   <0Y X0X(>  0Y  >XB` X >#X>FX X>XB`#Amarkshallbedeemedtobe"abandoned"wheneitherofthefollowing  occurs:< X>FXXX>F0X(XXX>F   { <0Y X0X(>  0Y  #>  >n#>XB` X >X>FX X>XB`(1)Whenitsusehasbeendiscontinuedwithintentnottoresumesuchuse. a   Intentnottoresumemaybeinferredfromcircumstances.Nonusefortwo G!w! consecutiveyearsshallbeprimafacieevidenceofabandonment."Use"ofa -"]" markmeansthebonafideuseofthatmarkmadeintheordinarycourseof #C # trade,andnotmerelytoreservearightinamark.< X>FXXX>F0X(XXX>F   #)!$ <0Y X0X(>  0Y  #>  >#>XB` X >#>XB` X X>XB`'#X>FX X>XB`(2)Whenanycourseofconductoftheowner,includingactsofomissionas $"% wellascommission,causesthemarktobecome...generic....<k X>FXXX>F0X(XXX>F   %"& #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X()#X>FX X>XB`Oncecreated,aprimafaciecaseofabandonmentmayberebuttedbyshowing &#' validreasonsfornonuseorlackofintenttoabandonthemark#UT XX>F~#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#.#>  X>XB`#>XB` X >X>FX X>XB`݌ '$( Ќ ! XTTX!   #UT XX>F##>  UT$#""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  ,K.TT 0 8@H!#4X!K>XB` X >0X(X X>XB`2  B  .3   `   <0Y X0X(>  0Y  #>  >#>XB` X >#>XB` X X>XB`#X>FX X>XB`Ultimately,courtheldthatyoucant abandonaname<{ 0X>FXXX>F0X(XXX>F  .!݌ (%) Ќ ! XTTX!   XE1((( 0 8@H!#XE = (00  ""  ,XE.4 <DL!(((XE  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!KD2  3  .3   4   GMCsuseofthenamewasprotectedbythe fairusedoctrine.D+݌ o*'+ Ќ XX! (((X((X!     (00= / /""  ,XE.4 <DL!(((XE  ,K.TT 0 8@H!#4X!K#0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(9#0X(X X>XB`2  A  .3   `   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(?#X>FX X>XB`ThecourtheldthataquestionoffactexistedastowhetherGMCcoulduse d+(,  fairuseasadefense.^݌ Y,)-  X$ (((XTTX$   XH1( 0 8@H!#(((XH ?-o*. D9" D8'>F'XXdXXd8 D  ;X>FXXX>F    &   ;  ETWv.JirehPublishing;v HԌ  Ќ X>FXXX>F  ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  B  .3   4   #0Y X0X(!#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(c#X>FX X>XB`TigerWoodscase;asportsartistpaintedaposterdepictingWoodsandother  playersattheMasters݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FA#0X(X X>XB`J2  C  .3   4   #0Y X0X(Q#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`LanhamActcontrolstrademarkinfringementcases'`J݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F/#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fq#0X(X X>XB`F2  D  .3   4   #0Y X0X(M#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`PurposeoftrademarklawistobeabletoidentifysourceofgoodsF݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F+#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fm#0X(X X>XB`A2  E  .3   4   #0Y X0X(H#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Todetermineifthefairusedefensetotrademarkapplies:A݌ { Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F&#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fh#/X X X>XB`42  a  .3     #/H6 X/X 2#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X t#X>FX X>XB`Defendantmusthaveusedthemarkinitsdescriptivesenseand4݌ p Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FR#/X X X>XB`#2  b  .3     #/H6 X/X !#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X c#X>FX X>XB`Ingoodfaith#݌ g  Ќ  XX   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FA#0X(X X>XB`2  F  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X()#X>FX X>XB`Acelebritysnamemaybeusedinthetitleofanartisticworksolongasthereis ^  someartisticrelevance;theuseofWoodsnamewaspurelydescriptive;Woods S   ismentionedonlytodescribethecontentofthepaintingH݌ 9 i  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  G  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`ImagesandlikenessesofWoodsarenotprotectableasatrademarkbecausethey  O  donotperformthetrademarkfunctionofdesignation;theydonotdistinguishand D  identifythesourceofgoods ݌ *  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`@2  H  .3   4   #0Y X0X(G#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`NoreasonablepersonwouldbelievethatbecausethepaintingscontainedWoods   likenessorimagethatthepaintingoriginatedwithWoods@݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F%#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fg#0X(X X>XB`2  I  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Paintingisnotcommercialspeech;itisentitledtofullprotectionunderfirst  amendment݌  Ќ X X((X   " "  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F}#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  J  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Authoraddedasignificantcreativecomponent'݌  Ќ X X((X   " "  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  K  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`EffectoflimitingWoodsrightofpublicityisnegligibleandsignificantly  outweighedbysocietysinterestinfreedomofartisticexpression ݌  Ќ X X((X   " "  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  L  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(P#X>FX X>XB`CourtalsocommentedthatWoodsstillmakesplentyofmoneyfrom f endorsementso݌ [ Ќ X X((X   FirstSaleDoctrine (wedidnotcoverthisinclass) 'W / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F.#0X(X X>XB`2  A  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Oncearightsownerhasbeenpaidforalicensetouseitscopyrightortrademark  = onaproduct,theownerofthatproductmayresellitinthesecondarymarket 2 withouthavingtoobtainanotherlicense݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`I2  B  .3   4   #0Y X0X(P#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Onlyprotectstheresaleofthesameproductthathasbeenlicensed,notanewer  morevaluableproductI݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F.#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fp#0X(X X>XB`|2  C  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Ex:oktoselltradingcardsthatwereobtainedlawfully|݌  Ќ X X((X   ;X>FXXX>F    &  ;n  BaltimoreOriolesvMLBPlayersAssn;n Ԍ    Ќ X>FXXX>F  / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>Fa#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  A  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Inthestandardformplayercontracttherewasaclausethattheplayeragreedthat j!! hispicturecouldbetakenforstillphotos,moviesortvandthatallrightsinthese _"" pictureswouldbelongtotheclubandbeusableforpublicitypurposes݌ E#u # Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`z2  B  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Questionofwhoownedthecopyrighttothegamebroadcasts:clubowners' z݌ +$[!$ Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F_#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  C  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Worksforhiredoctrine:inthecaseofaworkmadeforhire,theemployeror  %P"% otherpersonforwhomtheworkwaspreparedisconsideredtheauthorandunless &E#& thepartieshaveexpresslyagreedotherwiseinawritteninstrumentsignedby &+$' them,ownsallrightscomprisedinthecopyright݌ '%( Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fr#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#/X X X>XB`2  a  .3     #/H6 X/X #/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X #X>FX X>XB`Aworkmadeforhireisdefinedas:aworkpreparedbyanemployee (%) withinthescopeofhisorheremployment݌ )&* Ќ  XX   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>Fz#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  D  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Anemployerownsthecopyrightif6݌ *'+ Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#/X X X>XB` 2  a  .3     #/H6 X/X #/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X #X>FX X>XB`Theworksatisfiesthegeneralcopyrightrequirements  ݌ +(, Ќ  XX   ""  ?+` ` ` <DL!X?  E( 0 8@H!#` ` ` X!E#UT XX>F #X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F #.XnX X>XB` 2  i  .3   <   #.X.Xn #.XnX.#>XB` XX.Xn #X>FX X>XB`Originalexpressionwithamodicumofcreativity  ݌ ,)- Ќ  X  X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fi#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#/X X X>XB`m2  b  .3     #/H6 X/X k#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X #X>FX X>XB`Workwaspreparedbyanemployeem݌ v-*. Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>FI#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#/X X X>XB`=2  c  .3     #/H6 X/X ;#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X }#X>FX X>XB`Workwaspreparedwithinemployeesscopeofemploymentand=݌ m.+/ Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F[#/X X X>XB`+2  d  .3     #/H6 X/X )#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X k#X>FX X>XB`Partieshavenotagreedotherwise+݌  Ќ  XX   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FI#0X(X X>XB`2  E  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(E#X>FX X>XB`Therightsofpublicitywillnottrumpcopyrightlaw;copyrightlawpreemptsright  topublicityd݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F##0X(X X>XB`(2  F  .3   4   #0Y X0X(/#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(q#X>FX X>XB`ԀTherewasanexpressagreementbytheplayersthattheownerswouldhaverights  tothepictures;iftheywantsomethingelse,theyneedtonegotiateforit(݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F #X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FO#0X(X X>XB`2  G  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`purposeofcopyrightlaw:benefitpublicbyencouragingworksinwhichitis } interested;promoteartsandsciences݌ r Ќ X X((X   _;X>FXXX>F    &  ;!  OwnerTrademarkRights;!7" F "Ԍ > n Ќ X>FXXX>F  / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>Fv #X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F #0X(X X>XB` #2  A  .3   4   #0Y X0X($#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(R$#X>FX X>XB`trademark=anyword,mane,symbol,ordeviceusedbyapersontoidentifyand $ T  distinguishhisorhergoodsfromthosemanufacturedandsoldbyothersandto  I  indicatethesourceofthegood #q$݌  /  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F$#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F0%#0X(X X>XB`&2  B  .3   4   #0Y X0X('#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X('#X>FX X>XB`protectedby_Lanham_ԀAct'> +"&(݌    Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F(#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F(#0X(X X>XB`)2  C  .3   4   #0Y X0X(*#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(*#X>FX X>XB`teamsdonothaveanabsoluterighttostopsomeonefromusingtheir   names/symbols;theymustshowtheinfringementislikelytocauseconfusion)+݌   Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F+#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F+#0X(X X>XB`-2  D  .3   4   #0Y X0X(.#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(P.#X>FX X>XB`basicaimoftrademarklaw=protectconsumerschoiceanduseofgoods;easy   recognition-o.݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F.#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F./#0X(X X>XB`,02  E  .3   4   <0Y X0X(>  0Y  #>  >31#>XB` X >#>XB` X X>XB`u1#X>FX X>XB`Inconsideringcelebrities'claimsofviolationunderthe_Lanham_ԀAct,the  followingfactorsareusedbycourtstodeterminewhetheraplaintiffhasraiseda  genuineissueofmaterialfactastolikelihoodofconfusionoverendorsement:(1) k strengthoftheplaintiff'smark;(2)relatednessofthegoods;(3)similarityofthe Q marks;(4)evidenceofactualconfusion;(5)marketingchannelsused;(6)likely 7g degreeofpurchasercare;(7)defendant'sintentinselectingthemark.<1#X>FXXX>F0X(XXX>F  ,01݌ M Ќ X X((X   ;0X(XX0X(    &  ;6  ColtsvMetropolitanBaltimoreFootballClub;6d6 F @6Ԍ ( Ќ 0X(XX0X(   " (00  / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#0Y X0X(j2#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(2#0X(X X>XB`72  1  .3   4   #0Y X0X(8#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(9#X>FX X>XB`movedfootballteamtoIndianapolis;CanadianteaminBaltimorewantedtobe  calledtheColtsandIndianapolisColtssuedfortrademarkinfringement759݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F9#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F9#0X(X X>XB`.;2  2  .3   4   #0Y X0X(5<#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(w<#X>FX X>XB`didntabandontrademarkofColts;justmovedtheteam'X6.;<݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F=#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FU=#0X(X X>XB`3>2  3  .3   4   #0Y X0X(:?#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(|?#X>FX X>XB`theColtswonbecausetheywereabletoshowtherewouldlikelybesome  confusionconcerninglicensingandmerchandise3>?݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F@#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FZ@#0X(X X>XB`vA2  4  .3   4   #0Y X0X(}B#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(B#X>FX X>XB`standardtrademarklitigationfactorstodetermineiflikelihoodofconfusionvAB݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F[C#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FC#/X X X>XB`|D2  a  .3     #/H6 X/X zE#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X E#X>FX X>XB`strengthofseniormark|DE݌  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>FXF#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FF#/X X X>XB`CG2  b  .3     #/H6 X/X AH#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X H#X>FX X>XB`similarityofmarksCGH݌    Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>FI#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FaI#/X X X>XB`J2  c  .3     #/H6 X/X K#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X FK#X>FX X>XB`proximityofproductsJeK݌ {!! Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>FK#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F$L#/X X X>XB`L2  d  .3     #/H6 X/X M#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X N#X>FX X>XB`likelihoodthattheseniormarkwillbridgethegapbetweenthetwo r"" marketsL*N݌ i# # Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>FN#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FN#/X X X>XB`O2  e  .3     #/H6 X/X P#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X Q#X>FX X>XB`evidenceofactualconfusionO9Q݌ O$!$ Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>FQ#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FQ#/X X X>XB`R2  f  .3     #/H6 X/X S#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X S#X>FX X>XB`presenceofgoodfaithbyallegedinfringerRT݌ F%v"% Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>FT#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FT#/X X X>XB`U2  g  .3     #/H6 X/X V#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X V#X>FX X>XB`qualityofinfringersservicesUV݌ =&m#& Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F]W#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FW#/X X X>XB`SX2  h  .3     #/H6 X/X QY#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X Y#X>FX X>XB`sophisticationoflikelypurchasersSXY݌ 4'd$' Ќ  XX   Dr._Suess_Ԁv.PenguinEnterprises (thiswasa_TWEN_Ԁcasewedidnotdiscussinclass) )A&) ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F/Z#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FqZ#0X(X X>XB`[2  5  .3   4   #0Y X0X(\#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(]#X>FX X>XB`whetherpoeticaccountofthe_OJ_ԀSimpsontrialentitled TheCatNotintheHat )''* wascopyrightandtrademarkinfringementon_Suess_work[=]݌ *(+ Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F]#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F]#0X(X X>XB`s_2  6  .3   4   #0Y X0X(z`#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(`#X>FX X>XB`authorofCatNotintheHatwasDr.Juices_`݌ +), Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>FXa#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fa#0X(X X>XB`Vb2  7  .3   4   #0Y X0X(]c#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(c#X>FX X>XB`exclusiverightsundercopyrightlawVbc݌ ,)- Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F;d#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F}d#/X X X>XB`3e2  a  .3     #/H6 X/X 1f#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X sf#X>FX X>XB`toreproducethework3ef݌ -*. Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fg#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FQg#/X X X>XB`g2  b  .3     #/H6 X/X h#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X 8i#X>FX X>XB`topreparederivativeworksgWi݌  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fi#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fj#/X X X>XB`j2  c  .3     #/H6 X/X k#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X l#X>FX X>XB`todistributecopiesj"l݌  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fl#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fl#/X X X>XB`m2  d  .3     #/H6 X/X n#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X n#X>FX X>XB`toperformtheworkpubliclymn݌  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fco#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fo#/X X X>XB`Sp2  e  .3     #/H6 X/X Qq#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X q#X>FX X>XB`todisplaytheworkpubliclySpq݌  Ќ  XX   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F/r#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fqr#0X(X X>XB`s2  8  .3   4   #0Y X0X(&t#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(ht#X>FX X>XB`toprovecopyrightinfringement,mustshowst݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fu#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FFu#/X X X>XB`v2  a  .3     #/H6 X/X w#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X Bw#X>FX X>XB`validcopyrightandvaw݌  Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fw#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F x#/X X X>XB`x2  b  .3     #/H6 X/X y#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X z#X>FX X>XB`oneoftheexclusiverightsabovewasviolatedx$z݌  Ќ  XX   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>Fz#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>Fz#0X(X X>XB`{2  9  .3   4   #0Y X0X(|#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(|#X>FX X>XB`authorsofCatNotintheHatclaimeditwasparodywhichisanexceptionto   copyrightinfringement{ }݌   Ќ X X((X   " "  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F}#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F}#/X X X>XB`~2  a  .3     #/H6 X/X #/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X #X>FX X>XB`courtrejectedthisargument~2݌ j   Ќ  XX   __" "  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#/X X X>XB`2  b  .3     #/H6 X/X #/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X #X>FX X>XB`parodydefinition:parodyneedstomimicanoriginaltomakeits a  point/ridiculeoriginalwork݌ X  Ќ  XX   " "  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F݃#0X(X X>XB`2  10  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X()#X>FX X>XB`authorsalsoclaimedfairusewhichwasalsorejectedbythecourtH݌ >n  Ќ X X((X   DallasCowboysCheerleaders,Inc.v.PussycatCinema,Ltd. I  / / ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>FƆ#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`a2  1  .3   4   #0Y X0X(h#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`DallasCowboyCheerleaderorganizationbroughttrademarkinfringementaction / under43(a)ofthe_Lanham_ԀAct,againstmoviecorporationwhocreatedthe $ motionpicture DebbieDoesDallas.aɉ݌   Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>FF#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`"2  2  .3   4   #0Y X0X()#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(k#X>FX X>XB`Thiswasasexfilmfeaturinga TexasCowgirlwhowearsauniformstrikingly  similartothatwornbytheDallasCowboysCheerleaders."݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FI#0X(X X>XB`|2  3  .3   4   #0Y X0X(#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(Ő#X>FX X>XB`SecondCircuitheldthatdefendantmovecompanyviolatedtheDallasCowboy  Cheerleaderstrademarkandinjunctionwasproper.|݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>Fa#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`ɒ2  4  .3   4   #0Y X0X(Г#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`DefendantsarguedthattheDCCheerleaderoutfitisafunctionalitemandisnot v capableofbeingatrademark.ɒ1݌ k Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#/X X X>XB`2  a  .3     #/H6 X/X #/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X D#X>FX X>XB`Courtdisagreedandheldthatthecombinationofwhiteboots,white Q shorts,blueblouse,andwhitestarstuddedvestandbeltisanarbitrary Hx designwhichmakestheotherwisefunctionaluniform_trademarkable_.c݌ .^ Ќ  XX   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F"#0X(X X>XB`̙2  5  .3   4   #0Y X0X(Ӛ#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Defendantmoviecompanyalsoarguedthatdespitethestrikingsimilarityofthe D twouniforms,thepublicwasunlikelytobeconfusedwithinthemeaningof  9 section43(a)ofthe_Lanham_ԀAct.̙4݌  Ќ X X((X   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#/X X X>XB`2  a  .3     #/H6 X/X #/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X Ȟ#X>FX X>XB`Inordertobeconfused,aconsumerneednotbelievethattheownerofthe  markactuallyproducedtheitemandplacedinonthemarket.The  publicsbeliefthatthemarksownersponsoredorotherwiseapprovesof    thetrademarksatisfiestheconfusionrequirement.Here, DebbieDoes !! DallasunquestionablybringstomindtheDCCheerleadersanditishard ~"" todisassociatethefilm.݌ d# # Ќ  XX   ""  X?+4 44 <DL!X?  XE+  0 8@H!#444X!E#UT XX>Fd#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#/X X X>XB`'2  b  .3     #/H6 X/X %#/X X /H6#>XB` XX/X g#X>FX X>XB`Thetrademarklawsaredesignednotonlytopreventconsumerconfusion J$z!$ butalsotoprotectthesynonymousrightofatrademarkownertocontrol A%q"% hisproductsreputation.'݌ '&W#& Ќ  XX     (00" / /""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>FE#0X(X X>XB`[2  A  .3   4   #0Y X0X(b#0X(X 0Y#>XB` XX0X(#X>FX X>XB`Defendantsalsoassertthatcopyrightdoctrineof fairuseshouldbeheld  '=$' applicabletotrademarkinfringementactions.However,thedoctrineoffairuse (2%( permitslimitedcopyrightinfringementforpurposesofparodyandthe (&) defendantsuseofplaintiffsuniformdoesnotqualifyasaparody.[ç݌ )&* Ќ X X((X   ""  ,B.4 <DL!XB  X,K.(( 0 8@H!#4X!K#UT XX>F@#X>FX UT#>XB` XXX>F#0X(X X>XB`2  B  .3   4   #0Y X0X(##>  0Y̫#FirstAmendmentAnalysisisnotapplicableb/cthereweremanyotherwaysin *'+ whichdefendantsmayhavecommentedon sexualityinathleticswithout +(, infringingplaintiffstrademark.݌ i,)- Ќ X X((X     .+0 Ї""  9% <DL!X9   ݌ P Ќ $ X  X!$   j -DL!X- @ B+ 4 <DL!X!B